Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,771 questions · 10,185 findings · 893 reviews

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No studies found 2,109 · 20.7%GRADE not reported 1,125 · 11%Very low 2,279 · 22.4%Low 2,514 · 24.7%Moderate 1,709 · 16.8%High 449 · 4.4%

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Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

PVR · pulmonary arterial hypertension

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 303 participants
High

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

Improvement in WHO functional class · pulmonary arterial hypertension

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in improvement in WHO functional class compared with placebo, on combination therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.2 [0.66, 2.17]
2 studies · 227 participants
Moderate

IStent (or iStent inject) vs medical therapy

Difference in mean IOP from baseline at < 6 months · open‐angle glaucoma

1 finding from 1 review

Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with iStent for open‐angle glaucoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 184 participants
Very low

IStent (or iStent inject) vs medical therapy

Health‐related quality of life · open‐angle glaucoma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with iStent for open‐angle glaucoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

IStent (or iStent inject) vs medical therapy

Intraoperative complications · open‐angle glaucoma

1 finding from 1 review

Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with iStent for open‐angle glaucoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 101 participants
GRADE not reported

IStent (or iStent inject) vs medical therapy

Postoperative complications · open‐angle glaucoma

1 finding from 1 review

Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with iStent for open‐angle glaucoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported

IStent (or iStent inject) vs medical therapy

Secondary glaucoma surgery · open‐angle glaucoma

1 finding from 1 review

Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with iStent for open‐angle glaucoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported

IStent (or iStent inject) vs medical therapy

Proportion of participants who were drop‐free · open‐angle glaucoma

1 finding from 1 review

Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with iStent for open‐angle glaucoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 286 participants
Very low

IStent (or iStent inject) vs medical therapy

Mean change in number of IOP‐lowering drops from baseline · open‐angle glaucoma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with iStent for open‐angle glaucoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed (multibracket) appliances (exposure) vs None (single-group prevalence/incidence estimate)

Incidence of new ICLs (mean number of new lesions per subject) · Patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed (multibracket) appliances, followed for development of new ICLs

Patients developed on average about 2.29 new ICLs during fixed orthodontic treatment (95% CI 1.12-3.46; very low certainty; very high heterogeneity).

1 finding from 1 review

Distribution of initial caries lesions in relation to fixed orthodontic therapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
During fixed orthodontic treatment (development of new lesions) · International (16 countries; studies published 2005-2022); orthodontic clinical settings · Overall (random-effects model)
MEAN 2.29 [1.12, 3.46]
5 studies · 208 participants
Very low

Fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed (multibracket) appliances (exposure) vs None (single-group prevalence/incidence estimate)

Prevalence of ICLs (mean number of lesions per subject) · Patients (permanent dentition) during or after fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed (multibracket) appliances

Patients had on average about 2.24 ICLs per subject during/after fixed orthodontic treatment (95% CI 1.79-2.70; very low certainty; very high heterogeneity).

1 finding from 1 review

Distribution of initial caries lesions in relation to fixed orthodontic therapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
During or after fixed orthodontic treatment (cross-sectional/at debonding) · International (16 countries; studies published 2005-2022); orthodontic clinical settings · Overall (random-effects model)
MEAN 2.24 [1.79, 2.70]
6 studies · 484 participants
Very low

Fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed (multibracket) appliances (exposure) vs None (single-group prevalence/incidence estimate)

Incidence of new ICLs (proportion of tooth surfaces developing new lesions) · Patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed (multibracket) appliances, followed for development of new ICLs

About 15% of tooth surfaces developed new ICLs during fixed orthodontic treatment (pooled 0.15, 95% CI 0.08-0.26; very low certainty; extreme heterogeneity).

1 finding from 1 review

Distribution of initial caries lesions in relation to fixed orthodontic therapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
During fixed orthodontic treatment (development of new lesions) · International (16 countries; studies published 2005-2022); orthodontic clinical settings · Overall (random-effects model)
Proportion 0.15 [0.08, 0.26]
4 studies · 1890 participants
Very low

Fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed (multibracket) appliances (exposure) vs None (single-group prevalence/incidence estimate)

Association between orthodontic treatment duration and ICLs prevalence · Patients (permanent dentition) during or after fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed (multibracket) appliances

ICLs prevalence increased with longer orthodontic treatment duration (meta-regression P=.01; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Distribution of initial caries lesions in relation to fixed orthodontic therapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
During or after fixed orthodontic treatment · International (16 countries; studies published 2005-2022); orthodontic clinical settings · By orthodontic treatment duration (subgroup meta-analysis; positive association, P=.01)
Prevalence of ICLs positively associated with orthodontic treatment duration (meta-regression, P=.01); effect size/slope not available (Fig. 6a image not provided)
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported

Fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed (multibracket) appliances (exposure) vs None (single-group prevalence/incidence estimate)

Association between patient age and number of ICLs · Patients (permanent dentition) during or after fixed orthodontic treatment with fixed (multibracket) appliances

Patient age was not significantly associated with the number of ICLs (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Distribution of initial caries lesions in relation to fixed orthodontic therapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 All outcomes
During or after fixed orthodontic treatment · International (16 countries; studies published 2005-2022); orthodontic clinical settings · By patient age (subgroup meta-analysis; no significant association)
No significant association found between patient age and the number of ICLs (meta-regression / subgroup analysis)
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported

Evening vs morning dosing regimen

All‐cause mortality · adults with primary (essential) hypertension whose systolic or diastolic (or both) blood pressure levels were 130/80 mmHg or greater

It is very uncertain whether evening changes all‐cause mortality compared with morning dosing regimen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.49 [0.04, 5.42]
1 study · 735 participants
Very low

Evening vs morning dosing regimen

Cardiovascular mortality · adults with primary (essential) hypertension whose systolic or diastolic (or both) blood pressure levels were 130/80 mmHg or greater

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Evening vs morning dosing regimen

Cardiovascular morbidity · adults with primary (essential) hypertension whose systolic or diastolic (or both) blood pressure levels were 130/80 mmHg or greater

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Evening vs morning dosing regimen

Serious adverse events · adults with primary (essential) hypertension whose systolic or diastolic (or both) blood pressure levels were 130/80 mmHg or greater

It is very uncertain whether evening changes serious adverse events compared with morning dosing regimen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.53, 2.57]
2 studies · 833 participants
Very low

Evening vs morning dosing regimen

Overall adverse events · adults with primary (essential) hypertension whose systolic or diastolic (or both) blood pressure levels were 130/80 mmHg or greater

It is very uncertain whether evening changes overall adverse events compared with morning dosing regimen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.67, 1.2]
7 studies · 1541 participants
Very low

Evening vs morning dosing regimen

Withdrawals due to adverse events · adults with primary (essential) hypertension whose systolic or diastolic (or both) blood pressure levels were 130/80 mmHg or greater

It is very uncertain whether evening changes withdrawals from treatment due to adverse events compared with morning dosing regimen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.76 [0.47, 1.23]
7 studies · 1777 participants
Very low