Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,535 questions · 3,601 findings · 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 726 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%

Planned caesarean section vs planned vaginal birth

Disability in childhood · women with a twin pregnancy

1 finding from 1 review

Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Planned caesarean section vs planned vaginal birth

Perinatal or neonatal death · women with a twin pregnancy

Planned caesarean section showed no clear difference in perinatal or neonatal death compared with planned vaginal birth (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.41 [0.76, 2.62]
2 studies · 5685 participants
Moderate

Planned caesarean section vs planned vaginal birth

Serious neonatal morbidity · women with a twin pregnancy

Planned caesarean section showed no clear difference in serious neonatal morbidity compared with planned vaginal birth (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.65, 1.64]
2 studies · 5644 participants
Moderate

Planned caesarean section vs planned vaginal birth

Longer‐term maternal outcomes: failure to breastfeed · women with a twin pregnancy

Planned caesarean section showed no clear difference in longer‐term maternal outcomes: failure to breastfeed compared with planned vaginal birth (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.14 [0.95, 1.38]
1 study · 2570 participants
Moderate

Planned caesarean section vs planned vaginal birth

Postnatal depression · women with a twin pregnancy

Planned caesarean section showed no clear difference in longer‐term maternal outcomes: postnatal depression, as defined by… compared with planned vaginal birth (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.78, 1.14]
1 study · 2570 participants
Moderate

Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group)

Birthweight (g) · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation

Caffeinated (experimental group) showed no clear difference in birthweight (g) compared with decaffeinated group (control group) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 20
1 study · 1197 participants
Low

Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group)

Preterm birth · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation

Caffeinated (experimental group) showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with decaffeinated group (control group) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.48, 1.37]
1 study · 1153 participants
Low

Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group)

Low birthweight · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group)

Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group)

Sudden infant death syndrome · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group)

Gestational diabetes · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Routine/revealed vs selective/concealed ultrasound

Detection of fetal abnormality before 24 weeks' gestation · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation

Routine/revealed probably leads to higher detection of fetal abnormality before 24 weeks' gestation compared with selective/concealed ultrasound (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.46 [1.67, 7.14]
2 studies · 387 participants
Moderate

Routine/revealed vs selective/concealed ultrasound

Detection of multiple pregnancy by 24 to 26 weeks' gestation (number NOT detected) · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation

Routine/revealed probably leads to lower detection of multiple pregnancy by 24 to 26 weeks' gestation (number… compared with selective/concealed ultrasound (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.07 [0.03, 0.17]
7 studies · 295 participants
Moderate

Routine/revealed vs selective/concealed ultrasound

Induction of labour for post‐maturity · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation

Routine/revealed may leads to lower induction of labour for 'post‐term' pregnancy compared with selective/concealed ultrasound (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.59 [0.42, 0.83]
8 studies · 25516 participants
Low

Routine/revealed vs selective/concealed ultrasound

Perinatal mortality · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation

Routine/revealed showed no clear difference in perinatal death (all babies) compared with selective/concealed ultrasound (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.7, 1.12]
10 studies · 35735 participants
Low

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo or no intervention

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · healthy pregnant women receiving calcium supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (a) Birth prior to 37 weeks compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.7, 1.05]
13 studies · 16139 participants
Moderate

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo or no intervention

Preterm birth less than 34 weeks' gestation · healthy pregnant women receiving calcium supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (b) Birth prior to 34 weeks compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.8, 1.36]
4 studies · 5669 participants
Moderate

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo or no intervention

Low birthweight · healthy pregnant women receiving calcium supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in low birthweight (< 2500 g) compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.81, 1.07]
6 studies · 14162 participants
Moderate

All diet and/or exercise interventions vs (Optimised) usual care

Excessive weight gain · pregnant women

All diet and/or exercise interventions leads to lower excessive weight gain compared with standard/other care (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.8 [0.73, 0.87]
24 studies · 7096 participants
High

All diet and/or exercise interventions vs (Optimised) usual care

Mean GWG (kg) · pregnant women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found