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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Chlorpromazine vs piperacetazine Adverse effects/events: clinically important movement disorder (Parkinsonism) · people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine versus piperacetazine for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.61, 1.49] | 3 studies · 106 participants | Very low |
Chlorpromazine vs piperacetazine Leaving the study early ‐ for any reason · people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine versus piperacetazine for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.1, 2.56] | 4 studies · 256 participants | Very low |
Chlorpromazine vs piperacetazine Economic costs · people with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine versus piperacetazine for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antipsychotic dose increase vs antipsychotic dose continuation Global state: clinically relevant response: · non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.86, 1.4] | 9 studies · 533 participants | Low |
Antipsychotic dose increase vs antipsychotic dose continuation Leaving the study early: tolerability ‐ leaving early due to adverse effects. · non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.63 [0.52, 5.07] | 7 studies · 496 participants | Very low |
Antipsychotic dose increase vs antipsychotic dose continuation Leaving the study early: acceptability ‐ leaving early due to any reason. · non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.89, 1.9] | 5 studies · 353 participants | Low |
Antipsychotic dose increase vs antipsychotic dose continuation General mental state : PANSS total score change* · non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 258 participants | Very low |
Antipsychotic dose increase vs antipsychotic dose continuation Adverse effects ‐ at least one adverse effect · non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.55, 1.5] | 2 studies · 191 participants | Very low |
Antipsychotic dose increase vs antipsychotic dose continuation Service use: time in hospital · non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Antipsychotic dose increase vs antipsychotic dose continuation Quality of life ‐ clinically important change in quality of life (defined as at least 50% improvement in HQLS) · non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Low |
Increasing the antipsychotic dose vs switching the antipsychotic drug Global state: Clinically relevant response – as defined by trial Risk ratio · patients with non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose versus switching antipsychotic for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.63 [0.17, 15.99] | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Increasing the antipsychotic dose vs switching the antipsychotic drug Leaving the study early: Tolerability ‒leaving the study early due to side effects · patients with non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose versus switching antipsychotic for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Increasing the antipsychotic dose vs switching the antipsychotic drug Leaving the study early: Acceptability ‒leaving the study early due to any reason · patients with non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose versus switching antipsychotic for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Increasing the antipsychotic dose vs switching the antipsychotic drug General mental state ‒BPRS total score at endpoint* Weighted mean difference · patients with non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose versus switching antipsychotic for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Increasing the antipsychotic dose vs switching the antipsychotic drug Adverse effects ‒at least one adverse effect · patients with non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose versus switching antipsychotic for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Increasing the antipsychotic dose vs switching the antipsychotic drug Service use ‒time in hospital · patients with non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose versus switching antipsychotic for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Increasing the antipsychotic dose vs switching the antipsychotic drug Quality of life ‒average change in quality of life · patients with non response in schizophrenia Increasing antipsychotic dose versus switching antipsychotic for non response in schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Mirtazapine adjunct vs placebo adjunct Mental state: specific negative symptoms ‐ clinically important change (no important response) · schizophrenia Mirtazapine adjunct for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.57, 1.14] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Mirtazapine adjunct vs placebo adjunct Mental state: overall mental state ‐ clinically important change* · schizophrenia Mirtazapine adjunct for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.51, 0.92] | 2 studies · 77 participants | Very low |
Mirtazapine adjunct vs placebo adjunct Leaving the study early for any reason · schizophrenia Mirtazapine adjunct for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.64, 1.66] | 9 studies · 310 participants | Moderate |
Mirtazapine adjunct vs placebo adjunct Global state: average endpoint score (CGI severity, high = poor)* · schizophrenia Mirtazapine adjunct for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Mirtazapine adjunct vs placebo adjunct Quality of life: clinically important change · schizophrenia Mirtazapine adjunct for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mirtazapine adjunct vs placebo adjunct Service utilisation: number of days in hospital · schizophrenia Mirtazapine adjunct for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mirtazapine adjunct vs placebo adjunct Adverse effects: extrapyramidal ‐ clinically important change akathisia · schizophrenia Mirtazapine adjunct for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.2, 0.52] | 2 studies · 86 participants | Low |
Occupational therapy delivered by specialists vs delivery by non‐specialists Activities of daily living · adults with schizophrenia Occupational therapy delivered by specialists versus non‐specialists for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Occupational therapy delivered by specialists vs delivery by non‐specialists Global state · adults with schizophrenia Occupational therapy delivered by specialists versus non‐specialists for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Occupational therapy delivered by specialists vs delivery by non‐specialists Social functioning · adults with schizophrenia Occupational therapy delivered by specialists versus non‐specialists for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Occupational therapy delivered by specialists vs delivery by non‐specialists Adverse effect · adults with schizophrenia Occupational therapy delivered by specialists versus non‐specialists for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Occupational therapy delivered by specialists vs delivery by non‐specialists Quality of life · adults with schizophrenia Occupational therapy delivered by specialists versus non‐specialists for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Occupational therapy delivered by specialists vs delivery by non‐specialists Employment status · adults with schizophrenia Occupational therapy delivered by specialists versus non‐specialists for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Occupational therapy delivered by specialists vs delivery by non‐specialists Service use · adults with schizophrenia Occupational therapy delivered by specialists versus non‐specialists for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium termNumber of participants sedated · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [0.42, 6.61] | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics Global state: need for additional medication ‐ medium termNumber of participants requiring additional medication · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 216 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics Adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ vs haloperidol ‐ medium term Number of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.04, 0.41] | 6 studies · 233 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics Satisfaction with treatment: from the perspective of consumer, family and informal care givers or professionals/carers at any point during the acute management stage · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics Economic outcomes: cost‐effectiveness · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term ‐ lorazepam vs haloperidol + promethazineNumber of participants sedated · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.84, 0.98] | 1 study · 200 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term ‐ midazolam vs haloperidol + promethazineNumber of participants sedated · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [1.04, 1.23] | 1 study · 301 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.17 [1.16, 4.05] | 1 study · 200 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Global state: need for additional medication ‐ medium termNumber of participants requiring additional medication · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.31, 5.81] | 1 study · 200 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ medium termNumber of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Satisfaction with treatment: from the perspective of consumer, family and informal carers or professionals/carers at any point during the acute management stage · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.4, 0.97] | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines vs antihistamines plus antipsychotics Economic outcomes: cost‐effectiveness · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same enzodiazepines Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term‐ + haloperidol ‐ medium term Number of participants sedated · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.59, 1.19] | 2 studies · 110 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same enzodiazepines Global state: no improvement ‐ + haloperidol ‐ medium term As defined in each study · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.76, 1.2] | 3 studies · 113 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same enzodiazepines Global state: no improvement ‐ lorazepam + risperidone vs lorazepam ‐ medium termAs defined in each study · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.45, 1.64] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same enzodiazepines Global state: need for additional medication ‐ + haloperidol ‐ medium term Number of participants requiring additional medication · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.79, 1.32] | 3 studies · 103 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same enzodiazepines Adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ + haloperidol ‐ medium term Number of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.94 [0.18, 20.3] | 2 studies · 83 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics vs same enzodiazepines Satisfaction with treatment: from the perspective of consumer, family and informal carers or professionals/carers at any point during the acute management stage · people with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation Benzodiazepines for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |