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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

2,112 questions in 171 reviews · Eyes and Vision

current versions
No studies 587 · 27.8%Ungraded 95 · 4.5%Very low 446 · 21.1%Low 557 · 26.4%Moderate 361 · 17.1%High 66 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Phacoemulsification + supraciliary microstent surgery vs phacoemulsification alone
Proportion of participants who required further glaucoma surgeryat 24 months (medium‐term) · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Ab interno supraciliary microstent surgery for open‐angle glaucoma (2021) · Cochrane
RR 0.26 [0.07, 1.04]1 study · 505 participantsLow
Phacoemulsification + supraciliary microstent surgery vs phacoemulsification alone
Mean change in health‐related quality of life · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Ab interno supraciliary microstent surgery for open‐angle glaucoma (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Phacoemulsification + supraciliary microstent surgery vs phacoemulsification alone
Rate of visual field progression or proportion of participants whose field loss progressed · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Ab interno supraciliary microstent surgery for open‐angle glaucoma (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Phacoemulsification + supraciliary microstent surgery vs phacoemulsification alone
Proportion of participants experiencing postoperative complicationsover 24 months (medium‐term) · people with open‐angle glaucoma
Ab interno supraciliary microstent surgery for open‐angle glaucoma (2021) · Cochrane
RR 1.1 [0.8, 1.4]1 study · 505 participantsModerate
Topical mydriatics vs intracameral mydriatics
Mean pupillary diameter—at the time the surgeon performs capsulorhexis (mm) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 757 participantsLow
Topical mydriatics vs intracameral mydriatics
AE: cystoid macular edema · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.83]1 study · 555 participantsLow
Topical mydriatics vs intracameral mydriatics
AE: cystoid macular edema ‐ any time point during or after surgery · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.83]1 study · 555 participantsLow
Topical mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
Mean pupillary diameter—at the time the surgeon performs capsulorhexis (mm) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Topical mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
Mean pupillary diameter—at the beginning of cataract surgery (mm) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 324 participantsLow
Topical mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
Mean pupillary diameter—at the end of cataract surgery (mm) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 210 participantsVery low
Topical mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
Intraoperative surgical time—total intraoperative time (min) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 58 participantsVery low
Topical mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
AE: participant‐reported ocular discomfort—week 1 · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Topical mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
AE: participant‐reported ocular discomfort—month 1 · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Topical mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
AE: vitreous loss—any time point during or after surgery · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intracameral mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
Mean pupillary diameter—at the time the surgeon performs capsulorhexis (mm) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Topical mydriatics vs intracameral mydriatics
Mean pupillary diameter—at the beginning of cataract surgery (mm) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 242 participantsLow
Intracameral mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
Mean pupillary diameter—at the beginning of cataract surgery (mm) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 60 participantsVery low
Intracameral mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
Mean pupillary diameter—at the end of cataract surgery (mm) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 60 participantsVery low
Intracameral mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
Intraoperative surgical time—total intraoperative time (min) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 60 participantsVery low
Intracameral mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
AE: participant‐reported ocular discomfort—week 1 · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intracameral mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
AE: participant‐reported ocular discomfort—month 1 · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intracameral mydriatics vs depot delivery systems
Adverse events · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 60 participantsVery low
Topical mydriatics vs intracameral mydriatics
Mean pupillary diameter—at the end of cataract surgery (mm) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 799 participantsLow
Topical mydriatics vs intracameral mydriatics
Total intraoperative surgical time (min) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 817 participantsLow
Topical mydriatics vs intracameral mydriatics
Total time it took for the surgeon to perform phacoemulsification (seconds) · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 48 participantsVery low
Topical mydriatics vs intracameral mydriatics
AE: participant‐reported ocular discomfort—week 1 · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
RR 10.57 [1.37, 81.34]1 study · 555 participantsVery low
Topical mydriatics vs intracameral mydriatics
AE: participant‐reported ocular discomfort—month 1 · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
RR 2.51 [1.36, 4.65]1 study · 543 participantsModerate
Topical mydriatics vs intracameral mydriatics
AE: posterior capsule rupture · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.83]1 study · 555 participantsLow
Topical mydriatics vs intracameral mydriatics
AE: posterior capsule rupture—any time point during or after surgery · patients undergoing cataract surgery
Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery (2021) · Cochrane
RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.83]1 study · 555 participantsLow
Photobiomodulation treatment vs sham or no treatment
Best‐corrected visual acuity at 12 months [logMAR] Measured on the logMAR scale, range ‐1.3 to 1.0. Lower scores represent better vision. · people with non‐exudative AMD (AREDS 2 to 4)
Photobiomodulation for non‐exudative age‐related macular degeneration (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRLow
Photobiomodulation treatment vs sham or no treatment
Contrast sensitivity at Level E [18 cycles/degree] at 12 months Higher scores represent better contrast sensitivity. · people with non‐exudative AMD (AREDS 2 to 4)
Photobiomodulation for non‐exudative age‐related macular degeneration (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRLow
Photobiomodulation treatment vs sham or no treatment
Near vision · people with non‐exudative AMD (AREDS 2 to 4)
Photobiomodulation for non‐exudative age‐related macular degeneration (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Photobiomodulation treatment vs sham or no treatment
Low luminance deficit score · people with non‐exudative AMD (AREDS 2 to 4)
Photobiomodulation for non‐exudative age‐related macular degeneration (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Photobiomodulation treatment vs sham or no treatment
Reading speed · people with non‐exudative AMD (AREDS 2 to 4)
Photobiomodulation for non‐exudative age‐related macular degeneration (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Photobiomodulation treatment vs sham or no treatment
Self‐reported visual function at 12 months · people with non‐exudative AMD (AREDS 2 to 4)
Photobiomodulation for non‐exudative age‐related macular degeneration (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRLow
Photobiomodulation treatment vs sham or no treatment
Adverse events: AMD progression at 12 months Defined as increased drusen volume or onset of advanced AMD. Conversion to exudative AMD at 12 months Assessed by clinical examination and retinal optical coherence tomography. · people with non‐exudative AMD (AREDS 2 to 4)
Photobiomodulation for non‐exudative age‐related macular degeneration (2021) · Cochrane
RR 0.79 [0.41, 1.53]NRLow
Surgery vs no surgery
Mean change in VA · people with epiretinal membrane
Surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 53 participantsLow
Surgery vs no surgery
Proportion of eyes with gain in VA by 0.3 logMAR or greater · people with epiretinal membrane
Surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane (2021) · Cochrane
RR 0.55 [0.06, 4.93]1 study · 53 participantsVery low
Surgery vs no surgery
Proportion of eyes with loss in VA by 0.3 logMAR or greater · people with epiretinal membrane
Surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 participantsLow
Surgery vs no surgery
Quality of life · people with epiretinal membrane
Surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Surgery vs no surgery
Adverse effects · people with epiretinal membrane
Surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRLow
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Large retro‐equatorial recession of horizontal rectus muscle of 9 mm on the medial rectus and 12 mm on the lateral rectus vs simple tenotomy and resuturing of the 4 horizontal rectus muscles
Change in binocular best‐corrected distance visual acuity · infantile nystagmus syndrome
Surgical interventions for infantile nystagmus syndrome (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 10 participantsVery low
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Large retro‐equatorial recession of horizontal rectus muscle of 9 mm on the medial rectus and 12 mm on the lateral rectus vs simple tenotomy and resuturing of the 4 horizontal rectus muscles
Change in head posture ‐ not reported · infantile nystagmus syndrome
Surgical interventions for infantile nystagmus syndrome (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Large retro‐equatorial recession of horizontal rectus muscle of 9 mm on the medial rectus and 12 mm on the lateral rectus vs simple tenotomy and resuturing of the 4 horizontal rectus muscles
Change in intensity of the nystagmus waveform · infantile nystagmus syndrome
Surgical interventions for infantile nystagmus syndrome (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 10 participantsVery low
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Large retro‐equatorial recession of horizontal rectus muscle of 9 mm on the medial rectus and 12 mm on the lateral rectus vs simple tenotomy and resuturing of the 4 horizontal rectus muscles
Change in foveation period durations of the waveform ‐ not reported · infantile nystagmus syndrome
Surgical interventions for infantile nystagmus syndrome (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Large retro‐equatorial recession of horizontal rectus muscle of 9 mm on the medial rectus and 12 mm on the lateral rectus vs simple tenotomy and resuturing of the 4 horizontal rectus muscles
Change in visual recognition times ‐ not reported · infantile nystagmus syndrome
Surgical interventions for infantile nystagmus syndrome (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Large retro‐equatorial recession of horizontal rectus muscle of 9 mm on the medial rectus and 12 mm on the lateral rectus vs simple tenotomy and resuturing of the 4 horizontal rectus muscles
Change in proportion of participants with adverse effects with a probable causal link to the treatment · infantile nystagmus syndrome
Surgical interventions for infantile nystagmus syndrome (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 10 participantsVery low
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Large retro‐equatorial recession of horizontal rectus muscle of 9 mm on the medial rectus and 12 mm on the lateral rectus vs simple tenotomy and resuturing of the 4 horizontal rectus muscles
Change in quality of life · infantile nystagmus syndrome
Surgical interventions for infantile nystagmus syndrome (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 10 participantsVery low
Transepithelial CXL vs epithelium‐off CXL
Mean change in maximum K from baseline or final value—at 12 months or more (diopters) · participants with keratoconus
Transepithelial versus epithelium‐off corneal crosslinking for progressive keratoconus (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 177 participantsVery low
Transepithelial CXL using iontophoresis vs epithelium‐off CXL
Proportion of participants whose maximum K decreased by at least 2 diopters—at 24 months · participants with progressive keratoconus
Transepithelial versus epithelium‐off corneal crosslinking for progressive keratoconus (2021) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 31 participantsVery low