What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher poor neurological outcome by 28 days' postnatal age (moderate certainty).

• Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7.64 [1.02, 57.21]
  1 study · 46 participants
  Moderate

Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring

Capnography and standard monitoring showed no clear difference in oxygen desaturation compared with standard monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.48, 1.63]
  3 studies · 1272 participants
  Moderate

Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring

Capnography and standard monitoring showed no clear difference in hypotension compared with standard monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.36 [0.98, 5.69]
  1 study · 986 participants
  Moderate

Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring

Capnography and standard monitoring showed no clear difference in emesis, pulmonary aspiration compared with standard monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.1 [0.13, 75.88]
  1 study · 986 participants
  Moderate

Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring

Capnography and standard monitoring showed no clear difference in airway interventions compared with standard monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.26 [0.94, 1.69]
  3 studies · 1272 participants
  Moderate

Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring

Capnography and standard monitoring probably leads to higher airway interventions adult subgroup analysis (aged ≥ 18 years)h compared with standard monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.44 [1.16, 1.79]
  2 studies · 1118 participants
  Moderate

Capnography and standard monitoring vs standard monitoring

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Clonidine vs placebo

Clonidine showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Clonidine for sedation and analgesia for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.69 [0.12, 3.98]
  1 study · 112 participants
  Low

Clonidine vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Clonidine for sedation and analgesia for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in per cent of patients who underwent successful reduction (low certainty).

• Intra‐articular lignocaine versus intravenous analgesia with or without sedation for manual reduction of acute… 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.83, 1.1]
  5 studies · 211 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher number completing detoxification (low certainty).

• Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.42 [1.09, 1.84]
  2 studies · 100 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher number commencing naltrexone maintenance treatment ‐ Clonidine… (moderate certainty).

• Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.28 [2.91, 6.3]
  3 studies · 240 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher number commencing naltrexone maintenance treatment ‐ Buprenorphine… (moderate certainty).

• Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.29 [1.04, 1.6]
  1 study · 72 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12… (low certainty).

• Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2 [0.9, 4.45]
  1 study · 30 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12… (moderate certainty).

• Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.77 [1.37, 5.61]
  3 studies · 240 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in retained in naltrexone maintenance treatment or abstinent at 12… (moderate certainty).

• Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.34, 1.97]
  1 study · 72 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher participants experiencing adverse effects (moderate certainty).

• Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.21 [1.13, 9.12]
  2 studies · 572 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 participants
  GRADE not reported