Intervention not reported
Overall communication skills Different scales used by different studies: total scores vary across communication items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Relationship building/rapport Different scales used by different studies: average empathy score across several items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Overall communication skills Different scales used by different studies: total scores vary across communication items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Empathy Different scales used by different studies: average empathy score across several items or average score on a 5‐ to 9‐point Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Acronyms and grades · Male participants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Acronyms and grades · Adult female participants with PCOS
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Healthcare professionals' practice outcome measured using dichotomous variablesAbsolute risk difference across various outcomes · Healthcare professionals
1 finding from 1 review
Changes in professional practice (continuous) · Healthcare professionals
2 findings from 1 review
Patient outcomes (dichotomous) · Healthcare professionals
1 finding from 1 review
Patient outcomes (continuous) · Healthcare professionals
1 finding from 1 review
Patient health outcome Standardised median change in slope across various outcomes · Healthcare professionals
1 finding from 1 review
Healthcare professionals' practice outcome measured using dichotomous variablesAbsolute risk difference across various outcomes · Physicians
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Serious intracranial haemorrhage · adults with traumatic brain injury
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Extracranial haemorrhage · adults with traumatic brain injury
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Abnormal intracranial pressure · adults with traumatic brain injury
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Other outcomes included uncertainty, pain, sexually related symptoms, dyspnoea, and general symptoms. Data for any of these outcomes were not pooled due to considerable heterogeneity across all aspects. Magnitudes of effect were not reported · individuals with any cancer at any stage
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
2 participants
Very low
Social functioning · adults with antisocial personality disorder
1 finding from 1 review
Intracranial haemorrhage · preventing early recurrence after ischaemic stroke or TIA
Dual showed no clear difference in intracranial haemorrhage compared with one antiplatelet agent (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Extracranial haemorrhage · preventing early recurrence after ischaemic stroke or TIA
Dual leads to higher extracranial haemorrhage compared with one antiplatelet agent (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intracranial haemorrhage · preventing early recurrence after ischaemic stroke or TIA
Multiple may leads to higher intracranial haemorrhage compared with fewer antiplatelet agents (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review