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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Bioresorbable plates or screws (or both) vs Titanium plates or screws (used as lag screws) or both Need for retreatment or replacement of fixation due to failure of the fixation · Participants over 18 years of age with fractures of the facial skeleton including the mandible, maxilla, zygoma… · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for facial fractures (2009) · Cochrane | Planned primary outcome not assessed: none of the retrieved studies met the inclusion criteria, so no data were available for analysis. Verbatim (Effects of interventions): "Although 53 studies were retrieved in our… | 0 studies | No studies |
Aciclovir (oral or intravenous) for treatment vs Placebo Patient quality of life · Patients being treated for cancer with established oral HSV infection (bone marrow transplant recipients /… Interventions for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus in patients being treated for cancer (2009) · Cochrane | For the treatment comparison (aciclovir versus placebo), no data were available for recurrence of lesions, amount of analgesia, days of stay in hospital, cost of oral care or patient quality of life. | 0 studies | No studies |
Brushing vs No treatment (immersion in distilled water) Microbial counts (total aerobes, anaerobes, yeasts) · Complete denture (CD) wearers in a nursing home Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults (2009) · Cochrane | Moore 1984 found that the seven tested methods were similar and resulted in a significant reduction in total aerobes and anaerobes compared with immersion in distilled water (paired t test, P < 0.05). Some chemical… | 1 study · 12 participants | Ungraded |
Vertical distraction osteogenesis vs Autogenous inlay bone graft (iliac crest) Complications · Patients with vertically deficient posterior/anterior mandibular ridges needing implants · At least 1.5 years post-loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: horizontal and vertical bone augmentation techniques for dental… (2009) · Cochrane | OR 7.50 [0.46, 122.70] | 1 study · 11 participants | Ungraded |
Prophylactic aciclovir (oral or intravenous) vs Placebo Recurrence of lesions · Patients being treated for cancer (predominantly haematological malignancies) Interventions for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus in patients being treated for cancer (2009) · Cochrane | Recurrence of lesions was a planned secondary outcome; no included trial reported data for this outcome in the prophylactic aciclovir versus placebo comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
Primary surgical intervention (curettage, peripheral osteotomy, or resection) vs Primary non-surgical intervention (intralesional corticosteroids, subcutaneous calcitonin, interferon alpha, or imatinib) Adverse events · Patients with a pathological diagnosis of central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws Interventions for central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Placebo or control (same surgical or non-surgical intervention without EMD) Change in probing attachment level (PAL) · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | MD 1.08 [0.61, 1.55] | 9 studies · 371 participants | Low |
Effervescent tablets vs No treatment Total anaerobes (colony forming units, log-transformed) · Maxillary complete denture (CD) wearers Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults (2009) · Cochrane | MD -5.5 [-6.55, -4.45] | 1 study · 18 participants | Ungraded |
Prophylactic valaciclovir (lower dose) vs Prophylactic valaciclovir (higher dose) Adverse effects · Patients being treated for cancer (acute leukaemia; chemotherapy or stem-cell transplantation) Interventions for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus in patients being treated for cancer (2009) · Cochrane | One study reported adverse effects (Warkentin 2002). Twenty patients allocated to receive high dose valaciclovir reported adverse effects (42%); for the low dose group this number was 27 (52%). Adverse effects were… | 1 study · 100 participants | Ungraded |
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) vs Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barriers Tooth loss · Patients affected by chronic, aggressive, or early onset periodontitis, with intrabony defects having an intrabony… · 1 year (time-points 1, 5 and 10 years planned) Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects (2009) · Cochrane | SoF (Emdogain vs GTR): Tooth loss - See comment; too few teeth lost to undertake analysis. 237 participants (5 studies). No GRADE rating given. | 5 studies · 237 participants | Ungraded |
Brushing vs Effervescent tablets Total anaerobes (colony forming units, log-transformed) · Maxillary complete denture (CD) wearers Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults (2009) · Cochrane | MD 4.44 [3.36, 5.52] | 1 study · 18 participants | Ungraded |
Inlay/interposed bone graft (iliac or Bio-Oss block) + longer implants (vertical augmentation) vs Short implants (8 to 11 mm) without augmentation Implant failure · Patients with atrophic (resorbed) mandibles (anterior 6 to 12 mm; posterior 7 to 8 mm) needing implants · Up to 2 years post-loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: horizontal and vertical bone augmentation techniques for dental… (2009) · Cochrane | OR 5.74 [0.92, 35.82] | 2 studies · 98 participants | Ungraded |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS ‐ OVERALL Relapse ‐ short term · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.45, 0.84] | 19 studies · 1303 participants | Moderate |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Global impression: 1. Not clinically improved ‐ short term · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.64, 0.79] | 4 studies · 370 participants | Moderate |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Global impression: 1. Not clinically improved ‐ long term · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.76, 0.91] | 2 studies · 648 participants | Moderate |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Adverse effects 1. Blood problems · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.9 [0.97, 3.71] | 5 studies · 827 participants | Ungraded |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Adverse effects 4. Salivation ‐ too much · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 2.01 [1.74, 2.32] | 5 studies · 827 participants | Moderate |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Adverse effects 5. Weight gain · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [1.11, 1.59] | 3 studies · 484 participants | Moderate |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS ‐ OVERALL Relapse ‐ long term · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.14, 0.34] | 4 studies · 578 participants | Moderate |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS ‐ OVERALL Global impression: 1. Not clinically improved ‐ short term · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.66, 0.79] | 14 studies · 1119 participants | Moderate |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS ‐ OVERALL Unable to work · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.75, 1] | 4 studies · 416 participants | Moderate |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS ‐ OVERALL Adverse effects: 1. Blood problems ‐ decreased white cell count · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 7.09 [1.96, 25.62] | 13 studies · 1031 participants | Moderate |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS ‐ OVERALL Adverse effects: 4. Salivation ‐ too much · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 2.25 [1.96, 2.58] | 17 studies · 1479 participants | Moderate |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS ‐ OVERALL Adverse effects: 5a. Weight gain · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [1.07, 1.53] | 5 studies · 590 participants | Moderate |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Relapse ‐ short term · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.61, 1.78] | 4 studies · 396 participants | Moderate |
CLOZAPINE vs TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS Relapse ‐ long term · patients with schizophrenia Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.17 [0.1, 0.3] | 1 study · 423 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 1. INTERCESSORY PRAYER (CONTEMPORANEOUS ) vs STANDARD CARE Death by end of trial · patients with various illnesses Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.38, 1.38] | 5 studies · 3389 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 4. AWARENESS OF INTERCESSORY PRAYER vs INTERCESSORY PRAYER Clinical state: 1. Improved/not improved: intermediate or bad outcome · patients with scheduled to receive non‐emergency CABG Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.6, 1.02] | 1 study · 1205 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 4. AWARENESS OF INTERCESSORY PRAYER vs INTERCESSORY PRAYER Clinical state: 2. Significant complications (readmission to CCU) · patients with scheduled to receive non‐emergency CABG Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.67, 1.36] | 1 study · 1205 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 1. INTERCESSORY PRAYER (CONTEMPORANEOUS ) vs STANDARD CARE Clinical state: 1. Improved/not improved: intermediate or bad outcome · patients with various illnesses Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.86, 1.11] | 5 studies · 2705 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. INTERCESSORY PRAYER (CONTEMPORANEOUS ) vs STANDARD CARE Clinical state: 2. Significant complications (readmission to CCU) · patients with various illnesses Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.77, 1.3] | 4 studies · 2644 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 1. INTERCESSORY PRAYER (CONTEMPORANEOUS ) vs STANDARD CARE Leaving the study early · patients with various illnesses Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.43, 1.31] | 6 studies · 3446 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 2. INTERCESSORY PRAYER (RETROSPECTIVE) vs STANDARD CARE Death by end of trial · patients with blood stream infections Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.84, 1.03] | 1 study · 3393 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 3. AWARENESS OF INTERCESSORY PRAYER vs STANDARD CARE Death by end of trial · patients with scheduled to receive non‐emergency CABG Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.44, 1.95] | 1 study · 1198 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 3. AWARENESS OF INTERCESSORY PRAYER vs STANDARD CARE Clinical state: 1. Improved/not improved: intermediate or bad outcome · patients with scheduled to receive non‐emergency CABG Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.79, 1.4] | 1 study · 1198 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 3. AWARENESS OF INTERCESSORY PRAYER vs STANDARD CARE Clinical state: 2. Significant complications (readmission to CCU) · patients with scheduled to receive non‐emergency CABG Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.64, 1.29] | 1 study · 1198 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 4. AWARENESS OF INTERCESSORY PRAYER vs INTERCESSORY PRAYER Death by end of trial · patients with scheduled to receive non‐emergency CABG Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.4, 1.68] | 1 study · 1205 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All process outcomes · Physicians (any specialty) The effects of on‐screen, point of care computer reminders on processes and outcomes of care (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 114 studies · 935 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Prescription of medications · Physicians (any specialty) The effects of on‐screen, point of care computer reminders on processes and outcomes of care (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 64 studies · 276 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Prescription of recommended vaccines · Physicians (any specialty) The effects of on‐screen, point of care computer reminders on processes and outcomes of care (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 studies · 212 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Test ordering · Physicians (any specialty) The effects of on‐screen, point of care computer reminders on processes and outcomes of care (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 25 studies · 539 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Elements of recommended documentation · Physicians (any specialty) The effects of on‐screen, point of care computer reminders on processes and outcomes of care (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 66 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Other process outcomes · Physicians (any specialty) The effects of on‐screen, point of care computer reminders on processes and outcomes of care (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 32 studies · 300 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Retention in treatment ‐ Old studies (pre 2000) objective · patients with opioid dependence Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence (2009) · Cochrane | RR 3.05 [1.75, 5.35] | 3 studies · 505 participants | High |
Intervention NR Retention in treatment ‐ New studies · patients with opioid dependence Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence (2009) · Cochrane | RR 4.44 [3.26, 6.04] | 4 studies · 750 participants | High |
Intervention NR Morphine positive urine or hair analysis objective · patients with opioid dependence Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.56, 0.78] | 6 studies · 1129 participants | High |
Intervention NR Criminal activity objective · patients with opioid dependence Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.12, 1.25] | 3 studies · 363 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mortality objective · patients with opioid dependence Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.1, 2.39] | 4 studies · 576 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pain Various pain scales Median · patients with osteoarthritis Transcutaneous electrostimulation for osteoarthritis of the knee (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 726 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Function Various validated function scales Median · patients with osteoarthritis Transcutaneous electrostimulation for osteoarthritis of the knee (2009) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 407 participants | Very low |