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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
High-viscosity glass-ionomer ART restorations vs No comparator Restoration survival · Permanent posterior teeth with single-surface cavities · 3 years, single-surface permanent posterior teeth, 3 years Survival of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) sealants and restorations: a meta-analysis. (2011) | Survival percentage 85 [77, 91] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Buffered 'Prophylin' prophylactic gel vs Placebo (unbuffered gel / water) Oral health (oral pH, cariogenic bacteria, Candida) · Adults seeking treatment for the symptom of dry mouth (xerostomia) due to any cause (e.g. medication, Sjogren's… Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies (2011) · Cochrane | No difference between buffered gel, unbuffered gel and water for oral pH, cariogenic bacteria or Candida species. | 1 study · 14 participants | Ungraded |
GM-CSF vs Sucralfate Oral mucositis (severe) · Patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapies · Median 28 days Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.24, 1.21] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Betaine (BET) toothpaste (4%) vs SLS toothpaste (1%) and combined BET+SLS toothpaste Xerostomia (relief of oral dryness) · Adults seeking treatment for the symptom of dry mouth (xerostomia) due to any cause (e.g. medication, Sjogren's… Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies (2011) · Cochrane | Rantanen 2003 (crossover): relief of oral dryness BET 44% vs BET+SLS 22% (P = 0.002) vs SLS 18% (P = 0.022) vs reference toothpaste 7% (P < 0.001); betaine-only significantly better than the other toothpastes. No… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Passive maxillary/obturating plate (worn until surgical closure of soft palate) vs No plate Length (cm) · Infants up to 6 months (from term) born with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate (Pierre Robin sequence or… · 2 to 6 months Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and… (2011) · Cochrane | MD -1.05 [-2.20, 0.11] | 2 studies · 74 participants | Ungraded |
Laser (low level) vs Povidone Oral mucositis (moderate to severe) · Patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapies · Median 28 days Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.16, 0.54] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Honey vs No treatment Oral mucositis (any severity) · Patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapies · Median 28 days Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.56, 0.88] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs Usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling, intraoral flat plane appliance) Muscle palpation pain (long term) · Adults over 18 years of age with chronic orofacial pain (temporomandibular disorder (TMD)) · Long term (more than 3 months) Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (2011) · Cochrane | Muscle palpation pain long term (greater than 3 months): 3 studies; results not pooled owing to substantial heterogeneity (I2=64%); insufficient evidence to draw conclusions for any individual intervention. One study… | 3 studies | Ungraded |
High-viscosity glass-ionomer ART sealants vs No comparator Sealant retention · Permanent teeth · 3 years, partially and fully retained high-viscosity glass-ionomer ART sealants in permanent dentitions, 3 years Survival of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) sealants and restorations: a meta-analysis. (2011) | Survival percentage 72 [72, 86] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Beta carotene vs No treatment Oral mucositis (severe) · Patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapies · Median 28 days Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.14, 1.02] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
High-viscosity glass-ionomer ART sealants vs No comparator Sealant retention · Permanent teeth · 2 years, partially and fully retained high-viscosity glass-ionomer ART sealants in permanent dentitions, 2 years Survival of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) sealants and restorations: a meta-analysis. (2011) | Survival percentage 82 [77, 86] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Hypnosis vs Relaxation Pain intensity (short term) · Adults over 18 years of age with chronic orofacial pain (temporomandibular disorder (TMD)) · Short term Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (2011) · Cochrane | MD -1.84 [-3.26, -0.42] | 2 studies · 81 participants | Ungraded |
Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with rhBMP-2 vs Traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft Number of participants discharged on the same day as surgery · Skeletally mature patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and an alveolar cleft defect (>5 years; mean age 16.1… Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | RR 20 | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
High-viscosity glass-ionomer ART sealants vs No comparator Caries-free sealed pits and fissures · Permanent teeth with sealed pits and fissures · 5 years, permanent dentitions with high-viscosity glass-ionomer ART sealants, 5 years Survival of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) sealants and restorations: a meta-analysis. (2011) | Caries-free percentage 90 [85, 94] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Habit reversal vs Waiting list control Pain intensity (short term / post-treatment) · Adults over 18 years of age with chronic orofacial pain (temporomandibular disorder (TMD)) · Short term (post-treatment) Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain (2011) · Cochrane | SMD -1.31 [-1.97, -0.65] | 1 study | Ungraded |
High-viscosity glass-ionomer ART sealants vs No comparator Caries-free sealed pits and fissures · Permanent teeth with sealed pits and fissures · 2 years, permanent dentitions with high-viscosity glass-ionomer ART sealants, 2 years Survival of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) sealants and restorations: a meta-analysis. (2011) | Caries-free percentage 100 [98, 100] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Iseganan vs Placebo Oral mucositis (moderate to severe) · Patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapies · Median 28 days Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Xanthum gum-containing spray (Xialine) vs Placebo spray (base without xanthum) Xerostomia (EORTC dry mouth score) · Adults seeking treatment for the symptom of dry mouth (xerostomia) due to any cause (e.g. medication, Sjogren's… Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies (2011) · Cochrane | Jellema 2001 (crossover, n=30, post-radiotherapy): no statistically significant difference between Xialine (xanthum gum) spray and placebo on the EORTC dry mouth score (Analysis 1.2). van der Reijden 1996: xanthum… | 2 studies · 30 participants | Ungraded |
ART sealant using high-viscosity glass ionomer (press-finger technique) vs None (single-arm survival proportion; no comparator) Sealant retention (partially and fully retained) · Pits and fissures of permanent (posterior) teeth · 6 years, partially and fully retained high-viscosity glass-ionomer ART sealants in permanent dentitions, 6 years Survival of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) sealants and restorations: a meta-analysis. (2011) | Proportion 0.59 [0.51, 0.67] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Flossing plus toothbrushing (self-performed; manual or automated floss) vs Toothbrushing alone (with or without a negative-control/placebo rinse) Bad breath (halitosis) · Dentate adults aged 16 years or older (excluding orthodontic patients and those with severe periodontal disease) Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults (2011) · Cochrane | Not reported. No included study measured halitosis; the review notes it may be important to measure in future trials. | 0 studies | No studies |
Arthroscopy vs Open surgery Clinical evaluations 12 months after surgery (6 pooled clinical signs) · Adults (older than 18 years) with a temporomandibular disorder (synovitis, disc displacement with or without… · 12 months Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders (2011) · Cochrane | Peto OR 1.0 [0.45, 2.21] | 2 studies · 240 participants | Ungraded |
High-viscosity glass-ionomer ART sealants vs No comparator Sealant retention · Permanent teeth · 5 years, partially and fully retained high-viscosity glass-ionomer ART sealants in permanent dentitions, 5 years Survival of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) sealants and restorations: a meta-analysis. (2011) | Survival percentage 63 [56, 70] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Traditional iliac bone graft plus fibrin glue vs Traditional iliac bone graft alone Radiographic assessment: coronal bone density (Hounsfield units) · Patients aged 7 to 16 years with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate (alveolar cleft) · At least 3 months Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate (2011) · Cochrane | MD 150.89 [3.45, 298.33] | 1 study · 27 participants | Ungraded |
Polaprezinc vs Azulene Oral mucositis (severe) · Patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapies · Median 28 days Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 0.65] | 1 study · 31 participants | Ungraded |
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) spray vs Salinum linseed oil spray Patient preference · Adults seeking treatment for the symptom of dry mouth (xerostomia) due to any cause (e.g. medication, Sjogren's… Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies (2011) · Cochrane | Statistically significant preference for linseed spray: of 17 with a preference, more favoured linseed (Chi2 4.77, df=1; P = 0.029); 3 expressed no preference. | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
CMC spray / aloe vera gel / canola oil spray vs Mucin spray (and between each other) Xerostomia (mean xerostomia score) · Adults seeking treatment for the symptom of dry mouth (xerostomia) due to any cause (e.g. medication, Sjogren's… Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies (2011) · Cochrane | Momm 2005 (crossover, n=123): all four treatments significantly reduced dryness vs baseline (mean xerostomia score, scale 1 to 6: baseline 4.5 +/- 0.11; post-treatment aloe vera 3.7 +/- 0.11, CMC 3.8 +/- 0.12, canola… | 1 study · 123 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Total number of fractures radiographs · preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (2011) · Cochrane | OR 0.61 [0.23, 1.64] | 4 studies · 539 participants | High |
Intervention NR Bone mineral density % change: spine · preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 24 studies · 1441 participants | High |
Intervention NR Bone mineral density % change: femoral neck · preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 19 studies · 1338 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Bone mineral density % change: total hip · preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 863 participants | High |
Intervention NR Bone mineral density % change: trochanter · preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 815 participants | High |
Intervention NR Adverse events: Falls · preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 378 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Other adverse events · preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 907 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Process of care · health professionals Teaching critical appraisal skills in healthcare settings (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Patient‐related outcomes · health professionals Teaching critical appraisal skills in healthcare settings (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Knowledge · health professionals Teaching critical appraisal skills in healthcare settings (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 146 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Critical appraisal skills Heterogeneous measurement scales · health professionals Teaching critical appraisal skills in healthcare settings (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 160 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Weekly smoking · patients with preventing smoking in young people Community interventions for preventing smoking in young people (2011) · Cochrane | OR 0.83 [0.59, 1.17] | 7 studies · 17508 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Monthly smoking · patients with preventing smoking in young people Community interventions for preventing smoking in young people (2011) · Cochrane | OR 0.97 [0.81, 1.16] | 9 studies · 27077 participants | Very low |
naltrexone vs placebo or no pharmacological treatments retention and abstinence, all patients · patients with opioid dependence Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.72, 2.82] | 6 studies · 393 participants | Ungraded |
naltrexone vs placebo or no pharmacological treatments abstinence at · patients with opioid dependence Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.8, 2.05] | 3 studies · 116 participants | Ungraded |
naltrexone vs placebo or no pharmacological treatments side effects · patients with opioid dependence Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.54, 3.11] | 4 studies · 159 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: oral steroids vs control Hearing loss [6 weeks] · Children with otitis media with effusion Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.8, 1.49] | 1 study · 44 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: oral steroids plus antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic OME resolution at long‐term · Children with otitis media with effusion Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: oral steroids plus antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic Symptoms · Children with otitis media with effusion Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: oral steroids plus antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic Adverse effects [2 weeks to 6 months] · Children with otitis media with effusion Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.81, 2.78] | 2 studies · 255 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: intranasal steroids vs control Median days with hearing loss [3 months] · Children with otitis media with effusion Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 200 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: intranasal steroids vs control Hearing loss (Audiometry failing) [9 months]2 · Children with otitis media with effusion Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.87, 1.58] | 141 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: intranasal steroids vs control OME resolution at short‐term · Children with otitis media with effusion Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.31, 1.31] | 1 study · 44 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: intranasal steroids vs control OME resolution at intermediate‐term · Children with otitis media with effusion Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.85, 1.46] | 1 study · 172 participants | Moderate |