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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Opioids vs placebo PGIC very much improved · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs placebo PGIC much or very much improved · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs placebo Any adverse event · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs placebo Serious adverse event · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs active comparator Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs active comparator Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs active comparator PGIC very much improved ( · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Opioids vs active comparator PGIC much or very much improved · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs active comparator Any adverse event ( · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 124 participants | Very low |
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) vs placebo Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crises Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs active comparator Serious adverse event ( · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 124 participants | Very low |
Opioids vs active comparator Withdrawals due to adverse events · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) vs placebo PGIC very much improved ( · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crises Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 7.64 [0.44, 131.75] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) vs placebo PGIC much or very much improved ( · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crises Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [0.65, 4.19] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) vs placebo Any adverse event ( · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crises Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 72 participants | Very low |
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) vs placebo Serious adverse events ( · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crises Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 93 participants | Very low |
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events ( · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crises Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 93 participants | Very low |
Opioids vs placebo Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs placebo Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater · adults with sickle cell disease in a vaso‐occlusive crisis Pharmacological interventions for painful sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crises in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Psychological therapies vs controls Migraine frequency (over four weeks)a Lower numbers = fewer migraines or fewer days with migraines · adults (≥ 18 years) with migraine Psychological therapies for the prevention of migraine in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 681 participants | Very low |
Psychological therapies vs controls Responder rate (achievement of at least 50% reduction in migraine frequency) Higher numbers mean more people responded · adults (≥ 18 years) with migraine Psychological therapies for the prevention of migraine in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.21 [1.63, 2.98] | 4 studies · 338 participants | Very low |
Psychological therapies vs controls Migraine intensityc Lower numbers = lower migraine intensity · adults (≥ 18 years) with migraine Psychological therapies for the prevention of migraine in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 685 participants | Very low |
Psychological therapies vs controls Moodd Lower numbers = lower reported depression, anxiety and distress symptoms · adults (≥ 18 years) with migraine Psychological therapies for the prevention of migraine in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 432 participants | Very low |
Psychological therapies vs controls Migraine‐related disabilitye Lower numbers = lower reported migraine‐related disability · adults (≥ 18 years) with migraine Psychological therapies for the prevention of migraine in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 952 participants | Very low |
Psychological therapies vs controls Adverse events (proportion of people reporting an adverse event) Higher numbers mean more people reporting an adverse event · adults (≥ 18 years) with migraine Psychological therapies for the prevention of migraine in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0, 7.85] | 2 studies · 208 participants | Very low |
Continuous local anaesthetic wound infusion vs placebo Pain score at rest postoperative day 1 · adults undergoing elective midline laparotomy for colorectal resection Continuous local anaesthetic wound infusion for postoperative pain after midline laparotomy for colorectal… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 511 participants | High |
Continuous local anaesthetic wound infusion vs placebo Pain score on movement postoperative day 1 · adults undergoing elective midline laparotomy for colorectal resection Continuous local anaesthetic wound infusion for postoperative pain after midline laparotomy for colorectal… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 407 participants | Low |
Continuous local anaesthetic wound infusion vs placebo Opioid consumption via patient controlled analgesia postoperative day 1 · adults undergoing elective midline laparotomy for colorectal resection Continuous local anaesthetic wound infusion for postoperative pain after midline laparotomy for colorectal… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 528 participants | Moderate |
Continuous local anaesthetic wound infusion vs placebo Time to first bowel movement (days) · adults undergoing elective midline laparotomy for colorectal resection Continuous local anaesthetic wound infusion for postoperative pain after midline laparotomy for colorectal… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 197 participants | Moderate |
Continuous local anaesthetic wound infusion vs placebo Length of hospital stay (days) · adults undergoing elective midline laparotomy for colorectal resection Continuous local anaesthetic wound infusion for postoperative pain after midline laparotomy for colorectal… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 456 participants | High |
Continuous local anaesthetic wound infusion vs placebo Any serious postoperative adverse event (until hospital discharge) · adults undergoing elective midline laparotomy for colorectal resection Continuous local anaesthetic wound infusion for postoperative pain after midline laparotomy for colorectal… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.68, 1.58] | 6 studies · 541 participants | Low |
Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo Breathlessness (dyspnoea) at 1 week (intensity) Scale 0–10; lower score = less breathlessness · adults with cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) Systemic corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 114 participants | Very low |
Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo Breathlessness (dyspnoea) at 1 week (quality) Cancer Dyspnea Scale · adults with cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) Systemic corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo Breathlessness (dyspnoea) at 1 week (burden) EORTC QLQ‐C30, FACIT, ESAS · adults with cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) Systemic corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 113 participants | Very low |
Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo Adverse events · adults with cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) Systemic corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 157 participants | Very low |
Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo Patient satisfaction with treatment · adults with cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) Systemic corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo Participant withdrawal from trial · adults with cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) Systemic corticosteroids for the management of cancer‐related breathlessness (dyspnoea) in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 173 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Pain: 50% reduction in headache frequency Post‐treatment Lower scores = fewer headaches · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.35 [1.67, 3.3] | 15 studies · 644 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Disability Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported disability · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 1226 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Disability · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 866 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Anxiety Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported anxiety · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 883 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Anxiety · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 805 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Depression Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported depression · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 757 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR CI: Confidence interval. · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Pain: 50% reduction in headache frequency · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.73 [0.98, 7.63] | 5 studies · 223 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Disability Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported disability · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 446 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Disability · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 209 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Anxiety Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported anxiety · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 439 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Anxiety · Children and adolescents with chronic pain Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 271 participants | Very low |