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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
D‐mannose (2 g) vs no treatment Adverse effects · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | RR 16.84 [0.98, 287.92] | 1 study · 205 participants | Very low |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs nitrofurantoin (50 mg) Symptomatic and bacteriuria‐confirmed UTI (positive culture) · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.39, 1.31] | 1 study · 206 participants | Very low |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs nitrofurantoin (50 mg) Symptomatic only UTI · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs placebo Cardiovascular death Median · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 3.68 [0.19, 70.21] | 10 studies · 1114 participants | Very low |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA) Life participation · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA) Nonfatal myocardial infarction Median · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.76, 1.1] | 7 studies · 7765 participants | Low |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA) Nonfatal stroke Median · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.71, 1.56] | 5 studies · 7285 participants | Low |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA) Proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion Median · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.76, 1] | 11 studies · 10786 participants | Moderate |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA) Proportion reaching target haemoglobin Median · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.93, 1.07] | 14 studies · 4601 participants | Low |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs placebo Fatigue · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs placebo Life participation · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs placebo Nonfatal myocardial infarction Median · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.31, 5.36] | 3 studies · 822 participants | Very low |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs placebo Nonfatal stroke Median · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 228 participants | Very low |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs placebo Proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion Median · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.44, 0.6] | 8 studies · 4329 participants | Moderate |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs placebo Proportion reaching target haemoglobin Median · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 8.36 [6.42, 10.89] | 10 studies · 5102 participants | Moderate |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA) Cardiovascular death Median · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.88, 1.26] | 17 studies · 10340 participants | Low |
Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) stabilisers vs erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA) Fatigue Median · people with CKD (including HD and PD) Hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilisers for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.56, 1.16] | 2 studies · 3471 participants | Very low |
Any exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Death (any cause · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.56, 1.62] | 1 study · 296 participants | Very low |
Aerobic exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Cardiovascularevents · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Aerobic exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Fatigue · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 221 participants | Very low |
Aerobic exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise HRQoL: Physical component scoreAssessed: SF‐36Scale: 0 to 100 · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 306 participants | Very low |
Aerobic exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise HRQoL: Mental component scoreAssessed: SF‐36Scale: 0 to 100 · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 306 participants | Very low |
Aerobic exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise PainAssessed: SF‐36Scale: 0 to 100 · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 570 participants | Low |
Aerobic exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise DepressionAssessed: multiple severity of depressive symptoms scales · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 127 participants | Very low |
Aerobic exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Functional capacityAssessed: 6MWT · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 515 participants | Moderate |
Resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Death (any cause) · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Cardiovascular events · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Fatigue Assessed: Profile of Mood States score · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Very low |
Any exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Cardiovascularevents · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise HRQoL: Physical component scoreAssessed: SF‐36Scale: 0 to 100 · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 176 participants | Very low |
Resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise HRQoL: Mental component scoreAssessed: SF‐36Scale: 0 to 100 · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 176 participants | Very low |
Resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise PainAssessed: SF‐36Scale: 0 to 100 · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 154 participants | Very low |
Resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise DepressionAssessed: multiple severity of depressive symptoms scales · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 99 participants | Very low |
Resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Functional capacityAssessed: 6MWT · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 216 participants | Moderate |
Combined aerobic and resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Death (any cause) · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Combined aerobic and resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Cardiovascular events · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Combined aerobic and resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Fatigue · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Combined aerobic and resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise HRQoL: Physical component scoreAssessed: SF‐36Scale: 0 to 100 · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 228 participants | Very low |
Combined aerobic and resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise HRQoL: Mental component scoreAssessed: SF‐36Scale: 0 to 100 · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 228 participants | Very low |
Any exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Fatigue · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 326 participants | Low |
Combined aerobic and resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise PainAssessed: SF‐36Scale: 0 to 100 · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 161 participants | Very low |
Combined aerobic and resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise DepressionAssessed: multiple severity of depressive symptoms scales · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 214 participants | Very low |
Combined aerobic and resistance exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Functional capacityAssessed: 6MWT · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 138 participants | Moderate |
Any exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise HRQoL: Physical component scoreAssessed: SF‐36Scale: 0 to 100 · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 studies · 656 participants | Low |
Any exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise HRQoL: Mental component scoreAssessed: SF‐36Scale: 0 to 100 · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 studies · 656 participants | Very low |
Any exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise PainAssessed: SF‐36Scale: 0 to 100 · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 872 participants | Low |
Any exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise DepressionAssessed: multiple severity of depressive symptoms scales · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 490 participants | Moderate |
Any exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Functional capacityAssessed: 6MWT · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 19 studies · 827 participants | Moderate |
Aerobic exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise Death (any cause) · adults undergoing maintenance dialysis Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.56, 1.62] | 1 study · 296 participants | Very low |
Synbiotics vs placebo GI function · adult solid organ transplant recipients (kidney) Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |