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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
806 questions in 76 reviews · ENT
current versionsNo studies 293 · 36.4%Ungraded 6 · 0.7%Very low 244 · 30.3%Low 170 · 21.1%Moderate 85 · 10.5%High 8 · 1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Communication Validated self‐report measure: verbal subscale of the CPHI scale from 0 to 5 (Demorest 1987) · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 588 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adherence Number of people fitted with hearing aid/number of people who use the aids · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [1, 1.12] | 1 study · 162 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Daily hours of hearing aid use Self‐reported or data‐logged average hours of use per day. Scale from: 0 to 12 hours · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 69 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse effects · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life Validated self‐report measures. IOI‐HA item 7 scale from: 1 to 5 · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 69 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Self‐reported hearing handicap Validated self‐report measures · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 88 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Daily hours of hearing aid use · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Hearing aid benefit Validated self‐report measures (IOI‐HA item 4). Scale from: 1 to 5 · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 69 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Use of verbal communication strategy Validated self‐report measures (verbal subscale of the CPHI (Demorest 1987)). Scale from: 0 to 5 · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse effects · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life Validated self‐report measures. WHODAS 2.0 scale from: 0 to 100 · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Self‐reported hearing handicap Validated self‐report measure: HHIE (Ventry 1982) scale from 0 to 100 · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 87 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Hearing aid benefit · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Communication Validated self‐report measure: verbal subscale of the CPHI (Demorest 1987) scale from 0 to 5 · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adherence Number of people fitted with hearing aid/number of people who use the aids · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.99, 1.05] | 2 studies · 686 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Daily hours of hearing aid use Average self‐reported or data‐logged hours of use per day. Scale from: 0 to 12 hours · adults with hearing loss who use hearing aids Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 700 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Rate of otorrhoea (episodes per year) · children (aged 6 months to 6 years) with ventilation tubes Water precautions for prevention of infection in children with ventilation tubes (grommets) (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 172 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Rate of otorrhoea (episodes per year) · children (aged 3 months to 12 years) with ventilation tubes Water precautions for prevention of infection in children with ventilation tubes (grommets) (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 92 participants | Very low |
Betahistine vs placebo Benefits · patients with symptoms of vertigo Betahistine for symptoms of vertigo (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Betahistine vs placebo Proportion of patients with improvement according to global judgement of patient subgrouped by diagnosis№ of participants: 606(11 RCTs) · patients with symptoms of vertigo Betahistine for symptoms of vertigo (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [1.05, 1.6] | NR | Low |
Betahistine vs placebo Harms · patients with symptoms of vertigo Betahistine for symptoms of vertigo (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Betahistine vs placebo Proportion of patients with adverse effects№ of participants: 819(12 RCTs) · patients with symptoms of vertigo Betahistine for symptoms of vertigo (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.76, 1.4] | NR | Low |
Minimally invasive surgery vs radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy Overall survival · patients with small‐volume primary oropharyngeal carcinoma Minimally invasive surgery versus radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy for small‐volume primary oropharyngeal… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Minimally invasive surgery vs radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy Locoregional control · patients with small‐volume primary oropharyngeal carcinoma Minimally invasive surgery versus radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy for small‐volume primary oropharyngeal… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Minimally invasive surgery vs radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy Progression‐free survival · patients with small‐volume primary oropharyngeal carcinoma Minimally invasive surgery versus radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy for small‐volume primary oropharyngeal… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Minimally invasive surgery vs radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy Gastrostomy rate (at 1 year) · patients with small‐volume primary oropharyngeal carcinoma Minimally invasive surgery versus radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy for small‐volume primary oropharyngeal… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Minimally invasive surgery vs radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy Tracheostomy rate · patients with small‐volume primary oropharyngeal carcinoma Minimally invasive surgery versus radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy for small‐volume primary oropharyngeal… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Minimally invasive surgery vs radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy Swallowing function (MDADI) · patients with small‐volume primary oropharyngeal carcinoma Minimally invasive surgery versus radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy for small‐volume primary oropharyngeal… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Minimally invasive surgery vs radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy Quality of life (EORTC QLQ‐C30 and H&N35) · patients with small‐volume primary oropharyngeal carcinoma Minimally invasive surgery versus radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy for small‐volume primary oropharyngeal… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Therapeutic swallowing exercises vs treatment Swallowing function/efficiency Measured using a rating of oropharyngeal swallowing efficiency (OPSE) quantifying the interaction of the speed of bolus movement and safety/efficiency in clearing material from the oropharynx Dysphagia is defined as ... · adults with advanced head and neck cancer Therapeutic exercises for affecting post‐treatment swallowing in people treated for advanced‐stage head and… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Therapeutic swallowing exercises vs treatment Adverse event: Weight loss (> 10%) Change in nutritional status reflected by a patient's weight measured at 6 weeks post‐treatment · adults with advanced head and neck cancer Therapeutic exercises for affecting post‐treatment swallowing in people treated for advanced‐stage head and… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.22, 1.71] | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Therapeutic swallowing exercises vs treatment Adverse event: Weight loss (> 10%) Change in nutritional status reflected by a patient's weight during the study period 10 weeks post‐treatment · adults with advanced head and neck cancer Therapeutic exercises for affecting post‐treatment swallowing in people treated for advanced‐stage head and… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
Therapeutic swallowing exercises vs treatment Adverse event: Weight change Patient's body weight 6 months before the start of treatment was retrieved from the patient's medical notes and "relative weight change" was calculated as the percentage weight change relative to the weight at week 0 6... · adults with advanced head and neck cancer Therapeutic exercises for affecting post‐treatment swallowing in people treated for advanced‐stage head and… (2016) · Cochrane | MD 1.34 | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Therapeutic swallowing exercises vs treatment Aspiration Scored as present, trace or absent, for any consistency 5 months post‐treatment · adults with advanced head and neck cancer Therapeutic exercises for affecting post‐treatment swallowing in people treated for advanced‐stage head and… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Therapeutic swallowing exercises vs treatment Penetration Scored as present, trace or absent, for any consistency 5 months post‐treatment · adults with advanced head and neck cancer Therapeutic exercises for affecting post‐treatment swallowing in people treated for advanced‐stage head and… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Therapeutic swallowing exercises vs sham intervention Adverse events: Dysphagia‐related complications Occurrence of dysphagia‐related complications: pneumonia, dehydration, mucositis and oral yeast infection · adults with advanced head and neck cancer Therapeutic exercises for affecting post‐treatment swallowing in people treated for advanced‐stage head and… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Therapeutic swallowing exercises vs sham intervention Adverse event: Weight loss (> 10%) Change in nutritional status reflected by a patient's weight at 6 weeks after treatment · adults with advanced head and neck cancer Therapeutic exercises for affecting post‐treatment swallowing in people treated for advanced‐stage head and… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.22, 1.71] | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Antibiotic eardrops (with or without a corticosteroid) vs oral antibiotics Resolution of ear discharge at short‐term Interventions for children with ear discharge occurring at least two weeks following grommet (ventilation… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.58 [1.27, 5.22] | 1 study · 42 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotic eardrops (with or without a corticosteroid) vs oral antibiotics Adverse events Interventions for children with ear discharge occurring at least two weeks following grommet (ventilation… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.12, 1.09] | 3 studies · 705 participants | Low |
Antibiotic eardrops (with or without a corticosteroid) vs oral antibiotics Serious complications Interventions for children with ear discharge occurring at least two weeks following grommet (ventilation… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 153 participants | Very low |
Antibiotic eardrops (with or without a corticosteroid) vs oral antibiotics Resolution of ear discharge at intermediate‐term Interventions for children with ear discharge occurring at least two weeks following grommet (ventilation… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.7 [1.38, 2.08] | 1 study · 153 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotic eardrops (with or without a corticosteroid) vs oral antibiotics Duration of ear discharge Interventions for children with ear discharge occurring at least two weeks following grommet (ventilation… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 232 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotic eardrops (with or without a corticosteroid) vs oral antibiotics Tube blockage Interventions for children with ear discharge occurring at least two weeks following grommet (ventilation… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.33, 4.45] | 2 studies · 121 participants | Low |
Antibiotic eardrops (with or without a corticosteroid) vs oral antibiotics Health‐related quality of life Interventions for children with ear discharge occurring at least two weeks following grommet (ventilation… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotic eardrops (with or without a corticosteroid) vs oral antibiotics Generic ‐ CHQ Interventions for children with ear discharge occurring at least two weeks following grommet (ventilation… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 153 participants | Low |
Antibiotic eardrops (with or without a corticosteroid) vs oral antibiotics Disease‐specific ‐ OM‐6 (range 6 to 42) Interventions for children with ear discharge occurring at least two weeks following grommet (ventilation… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 153 participants | Low |
Positive pressure therapy vs placebo Proportion of days with vertigo in 4 weeks: vertigo scores > 2 · patients with Ménière's disease or syndrome Positive pressure therapy for Ménière's disease or syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Moderate |
Positive pressure therapy vs placebo Cumulative vertigo scores after 4 months · patients with Ménière's disease or syndrome Positive pressure therapy for Ménière's disease or syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Moderate |
Positive pressure therapy vs placebo Vertigo days in 4 months: vertigo scores > 2 · patients with Ménière's disease or syndrome Positive pressure therapy for Ménière's disease or syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Moderate |
Positive pressure therapy vs placebo Vertigo frequency in the 8 weeks before and after 4 weeks of treatment · patients with Ménière's disease or syndrome Positive pressure therapy for Ménière's disease or syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Moderate |