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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Multi‐component intervention vs control Adherence to pharmacotherapy: number of people achieving adherence to medication · COPD Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.37 [1.18, 1.59] | 4 studies · 446 participants | Low |
Multi‐component intervention vs control Quality of life: SGRQ total, SF CRDQ total, CAT total · COPD Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 374 participants | Low |
Multi‐component intervention vs control Hospital service utilisation: number of people admitted to hospital (all‐cause or COPD‐related) · COPD Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.37 [0.22, 0.63] | 2 studies · 877 participants | Low |
Multi‐component intervention vs control Exacerbations: number of people experiencing moderate or severe exacerbations · COPD Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.97 [0.71, 1.31] | 1 study · 734 participants | Very low |
Intervention vs usual care Outcome domain · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention vs active comparison Quality of life ‐ CAT total · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention vs active comparison Exacerbations · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention vs active comparison Functional status ‐ 6MWD (metres) · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Intervention vs active comparison All‐cause hospital admissions · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention vs active comparison All‐cause mortality · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention vs usual care Quality of life ‐ SGRQ totalScale from: 0 to 100 (lower scores better) Â · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Intervention vs usual care Quality of life ‐ CAT total Scale from 0 to 40 (lower scores better) Â · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Low |
Intervention vs usual care Exacerbations ‐ number of people experiencing one or more  · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.09 [0.75, 1.57] | 1 study · 470 participants | Very low |
Intervention vs usual care Functional status‐6MWD (metres) Â · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 100 participants | Low |
Intervention vs usual care All‐cause hospital admissions ‐ people experiencing one or more  · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.91 [0.55, 1.5] | 1 study · 312 participants | Low |
Intervention vs usual care All‐cause mortality (deaths) Â · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.55 [0.23, 1.35] | 2 studies · 177 participants | Very low |
Intervention vs active comparison Outcome domain · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention vs active comparison Quality of life ‐ SGRQ total · COPD and at least one other long‐term condition Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Individual level interventions vs control Measures of air pollution exposure ( · healthy individuals and those with a pre‐existing health condition Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 173 participants | Very low |
Individual level interventions vs control Health care usage ( · healthy individuals and those with a pre‐existing health condition Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2948 participants | Very low |
Individual level interventions vs control Respiratory exacerbations · healthy individuals and those with a pre‐existing health condition Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Individual level interventions vs control Quality of life · healthy individuals and those with a pre‐existing health condition Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Individual level interventions vs control Serious adverse events · healthy individuals and those with a pre‐existing health condition Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
As‐required FABA/ICS inhalers vs as‐required FABA inhalers Asthma exacerbation requiring systemic steroid · mild asthma Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.45 | 2 studies · 2997 participants | High |
As‐required FABA/ICS inhalers vs regular inhaled steroid Inhaled steroid dose · mild asthma Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 7180 participants | Moderate |
As‐required FABA/ICS inhalers vs regular inhaled steroid Total systemic steroid dose · mild asthma Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1330 participants | Moderate |
As‐required FABA/ICS inhalers vs regular inhaled steroid Adverse events · mild asthma Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.96 [0.82, 1.14] | 4 studies · 8072 participants | Moderate |
As‐required FABA/ICS inhalers vs as‐required FABA inhalers Hospital admission, ED and urgent care visits · mild asthma Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.35 | 2 studies · 2997 participants | Low |
As‐required FABA/ICS inhalers vs as‐required FABA inhalers Asthma control · mild asthma Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2859 participants | Moderate |
As‐required FABA/ICS inhalers vs as‐required FABA inhalers Inhaled steroid dose · mild asthma Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2554 participants | Moderate |
As‐required FABA/ICS inhalers vs as‐required FABA inhalers Total systemic steroid dose · mild asthma Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 443 participants | Low |
As‐required FABA/ICS inhalers vs as‐required FABA inhalers Adverse events · mild asthma Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.82 [0.71, 0.95] | 2 studies · 3002 participants | Moderate |
As‐required FABA/ICS inhalers vs regular inhaled steroid Exacerbations requiring systemic steroid · mild asthma Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.79 [0.59, 1.07] | 4 studies · 8065 participants | Low |
As‐required FABA/ICS inhalers vs regular inhaled steroid Hospital admission, ED and urgent care visits · mild asthma Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.63 [0.44, 0.91] | 4 studies · 8065 participants | Low |
As‐required FABA/ICS inhalers vs regular inhaled steroid Asthma control · mild asthma Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 7382 participants | High |
Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care Outcomes · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care HRQoL: CRQ total score · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 258 participants | Low |
Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care Exercise capacity: 6MWD · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 639 participants | Low |
Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care Hospital admission (all‐cause): number of people admitted to hospital · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.71 [0.14, 3.69] | 2 studies · 142 participants | Low |
Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care Hospital admission (all‐cause): mean number of hospital admissions per person · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 332 participants | Ungraded |
Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care Exacerbation: number of people experiencing one or more exacerbation · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.73 [0.26, 2.02] | 3 studies · 281 participants | Low |
Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care Exacerbations: mean number of exacerbations per person · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 342 participants | Ungraded |
Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care Mortality · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.73 [0.36, 1.51] | 6 studies · 755 participants | Moderate |
Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care Adverse events · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 24 participants | Ungraded |
Breathing exercises vs inactive control Change in AQLQ Scores Range 1‐7, with higher scores indicating better quality of life. · adults with asthma Breathing exercises for adults with asthma (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 974 participants | Moderate |
Breathing exercises vs inactive control Change in ACQ Scores Range 0‐6 with lower scores indicating better control of asthma symptoms. · adults with asthma Breathing exercises for adults with asthma (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 115 participants | Low |
Breathing exercises vs inactive control Nijmegen Questionnaire score (4‐6 months) Scores range 1‐5 with lower scores indicating better control of asthma symptoms. · adults with asthma Breathing exercises for adults with asthma (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 118 participants | Moderate |
Breathing exercises vs inactive control Number of acute exacerbations · adults with asthma Breathing exercises for adults with asthma (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 952 participants | Very low |
Breathing exercises vs inactive control Inpatient hospitalisation episodes · adults with asthma Breathing exercises for adults with asthma (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Breathing exercises vs inactive control Lung function (FEV1, L ) · adults with asthma Breathing exercises for adults with asthma (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 252 participants | Very low |