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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

948 questions · 998 findings · 100 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 233 · 23.3%GRADE not reported 40 · 4%Very low 203 · 20.3%Low 271 · 27.2%Moderate 176 · 17.6%High 75 · 7.5%

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Bleeding episodes (placental abruption) · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation leads to lower bleeding episodes (placental abruption) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment

Nutritional rickets ‐ radiological · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D given to lactating mothers changes nutritional rickets ‐ radiological compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment

Hypercalcaemia · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers showed no clear difference in adverse effects (hypercalcaemia) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment

Nutritional rickets ‐ biochemical Alkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphate levels. · term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers may leads to lower nutritional rickets ‐ biochemical Alkaline phosphatase, calcium and… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)

Adverse effect: hypercalciuria As defined by trialists Time frame: 3 months · children under 5 years of age

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) showed no clear difference in adverse effect: hypercalciuria As defined by trialists Time frame: 3… compared with vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)

Hypercalcaemia · children under 5 years of age

Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) showed no clear difference in adverse effect: hypercalcaemia As defined by trialists Time frame:… compared with vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A vs placebo

Incidence: lung cancer · healthy people and healthy male physicians

Vitamin A showed no clear difference in incidence: lung cancer compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A vs placebo

Mortality: lung cancer · healthy people and healthy male physicians

Vitamin A showed no clear difference in mortality: lung cancer compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review