Hip/femoral bone mineral density (BMD) · Females (all ages)
In females (low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies), hip BMD rose monotonically above ~0.9 mg/L: MD 0.04 g/cm2 (95% CI -0.03-0.12) up to ~2.3 mg/L and 0.09 (-0.09-0.27) at 4.0 mg/L vs null; ungraded.
2 findings from 1 review
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesLong-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: up to ~2.3 mg/L vs null
MD 0.04 [-0.03, 0.12]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesLong-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Females, low-to-moderate risk-of-bias studies: 4.0 mg/L vs null
MD 0.09 [-0.09, 0.27]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Amalgam: Preference for replacement over repair - Scenario 5: open margin · Dentists managing a defective direct amalgam restoration (posterior occlusal Class I; standardized vignette of a 30-year-old,…
For a defective amalgam restoration with open margin, surveyed dentists most often preferred replacement over repair (pooled RR 5.14; p < 0.001); ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Osteoporosis · European GWAS participants
The SVMR Weighted Median interval excluded the null.
3 findings from 1 review
OR 1.260 [1.017, 1.560]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 1.162 [0.998, 1.353]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 1.329 [0.991, 1.782]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported
Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community
OHRQoL did not differ significantly across per-capita health-expenditure categories; no pooled estimate was reported in the text (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · European GWAS participants
The SVMR IVW interval excluded zero.
1 finding from 1 review
Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community
OHRQoL did not differ significantly by country-level edentulism prevalence; no pooled estimate was reported in the text (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Forearm fracture · European-ancestry adults
Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on fracture of forearm (multivariable MR, OR 0.995).
2 findings from 1 review
Femur fracture · European GWAS participants
The SVMR Weighted Median interval included the null.
3 findings from 1 review
OR 1.055 [0.979, 1.136]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 1.044 [0.983, 1.109]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 1.063 [0.991, 1.140]
489106 participants
GRADE not reported
Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants
The SVMR Weighted Median interval included the null.
3 findings from 1 review
OR 0.979 [0.826, 1.159]
281786 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 1.014 [0.872, 1.179]
281786 participants
GRADE not reported
OR 0.934 [0.786, 1.111]
281786 participants
GRADE not reported
Amalgam: Preference for replacement over repair - Scenario 3: secondary caries · Dentists managing a defective direct amalgam restoration (posterior occlusal Class I; standardized vignette of a 30-year-old,…
For a defective amalgam restoration with secondary caries, surveyed dentists most often preferred replacement over repair (pooled RR 6.94; p < 0.001); ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Wrist fractures · general population
Wrist-fracture risk declined nearly linearly with increasing fluoride: RR 1.00 at 0.01 mg/L to 0.84 at 1.5 mg/L drinking-water fluoride vs null; ungraded.
2 findings from 1 review
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesLong-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Drinking-water fluoride 1.5 mg/L vs null
RR 0.84 [0.43, 1.65]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesLong-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Drinking-water fluoride 0.01 mg/L vs null
RR 1.00 [0.99, 1.01]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · Postmenopausal women (European ancestry)
Genetically predicted periodontitis had no causal effect on postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture (single-variable MR, OR 1.014).
2 findings from 1 review
Hip Fracture · general population
Overall hip-fracture risk showed little association with drinking-water fluoride and a nearly flat dose-response curve (narrow CI); no numeric RR reported in text; ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Osteoporosis · European GWAS participants
The MVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.005 [0.940, 1.074]
483725 participants
GRADE not reported
Femur fracture · European-ancestry adults
Genetically predicted dental caries (DMFS) had no significant causal effect on fracture of femur (multivariable MR, OR 1.069).
2 findings from 1 review
Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community
Lower out-of-pocket health expenditure was associated with better OHRQoL (83.9, 95% CI 75.2 to 92.6 vs 67.5, 95% CI 58.5 to 76.5); the difference was statistically significant (ungraded).
2 findings from 1 review
MEAN 67.5 [58.5, 76.5]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
MEAN 83.9 [75.2, 92.6]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Lumbar spine and pelvis fracture · European GWAS participants
The MVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.034 [0.769, 1.390]
490700 participants
GRADE not reported
Lacunar stroke · European-ancestry adults
Genetically predicted pulp and periapical diseases were associated with modestly higher odds of lacunar stroke (OR 1.20); ungraded MR, FDR-adjusted P 0.033.
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.20 [1.03, 1.41]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture · European GWAS participants
The MVMR MR-Egger interval included the null.
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.281 [0.640, 2.565]
281786 participants
GRADE not reported
Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) · Females aged over 50 years
In females over 50, spine BMD showed an inverted U-shaped curve with a downward trend beginning at lower fluoride concentrations than in the overall analysis; no numeric MD reported in text; ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review