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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

current versions
No studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Reduced dose of antipsychotics vs antipsychotic maintenance
Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia
Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Switch to another antipsychotic vs antipsychotic cessation
Tardive dyskinesia: no clinically important improvement · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia
Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.45 [0.23, 0.89]1 study · 42 participantsLow
Switch to another antipsychotic vs antipsychotic cessation
Tardive dyskinesia: deterioration of symptoms ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia
Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
ORAL FLUPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO
Global state: Not improved or worsened ‐ medium termDichotomised Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MDRS) · patients with Schizophrenia
Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane
RR 1.12 [0.79, 1.58]1 study · 50 participantsVery low
ORAL FLUPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO
Global state: Relapse ‐ long termClinical judgement · patients with Schizophrenia
Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.39 [0.05, 3.31]2 studies · 86 participantsVery low
ORAL FLUPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO
Adverse effects: Death ‐ long termOccurrences of death · patients with Schizophrenia
Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane
RR 2.38 [0.1, 55.72]1 study · 50 participantsLow
ORAL FLUPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO
Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects (akathisia) ‐ short termInstances of akathisia · patients with Schizophrenia
Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane
RR 3.43 [1.23, 9.56]2 studies · 227 participantsModerate
ORAL FLUPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO
Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects (rigidity) ‐ short termInstances of rigidity · patients with Schizophrenia
Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane
RR 3.54 [1.76, 7.14]2 studies · 227 participantsModerate
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE
Global state: 1a. Relapse ‐ long term · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.78 [0.61, 1]13 studies · 1538 participantsLow
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE
Global state: 2. Clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ long term · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.57 [0.39, 0.84]2 studies · 82 participantsVery low
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE
Mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ long term · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.81 [0.65, 1.02]5 studies · 501 participantsVery low
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE
Adverse events: General: any adverse event · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.44 [0.27, 0.72]2 studies · 146 participantsVery low
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE
Functioning: Social (average endpoint score SOFAS, high = good) ‐ long term · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 295 participantsVery low
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE
Quality of life: General (average endpoint score QLS, high = good) ‐ long term * · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 71 participantsVery low
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE
Satisfaction with treatment: 1. Leaving the study early ‐ long term · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.93 [0.77, 1.12]19 studies · 1945 participantsModerate
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL
Tranquillisation or asleep · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL
Global state: non‐responders to the first injection · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 1.18 [0.78, 1.79]1 study · 360 participantsLow
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL
Adverse effects: one or more adverse events during 24 hours (only reported if occurred in ≥ 5% of people) · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.91 [0.61, 1.35]1 study · 113 participantsVery low
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL
Adverse effects: movement disorders ‐ EPS during 24 hours (only reported if occurred in ≥ 5% of people) · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.29 [0.12, 0.7]2 studies · 471 participantsVery low
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL
Economic outcomes · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE
Tranquillisation or asleep · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE
Repeated need for tranquillisation · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE
Specific behaviour: Agitation ‐ clinically important change (PANSS ‐EC reduction ≥ 40% from baseline) ‐ up to 2 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.77 [0.6, 0.99]1 study · 80 participantsLow
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE
Global state: CGI‐S change score up to 2 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 80 participantsLow
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE
Adverse effects: one or more adverse effects during 24 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.75 [0.45, 1.24]1 study · 80 participantsVery low
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE
Adverse effects: somnolence during 24 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.25 [0.08, 0.82]1 study · 80 participantsLow
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL
Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injections during 24 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.69 [0.56, 0.85]2 studies · 382 participantsVery low
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE
Economic outcomes · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL
Specific behaviour: Agitation ‐ clinically important change (PANSS ‐EC reduction ≥ 40% from baseline) ‐ up to 2 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 1.5 [1.17, 1.92]2 studies · 382 participantsVery low
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL
Global state: non‐responders to the first injection · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.49 [0.34, 0.71]1 study · 263 participantsLow
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL
Adverse effects: one or more adverse events during 24 hours (only reported if occurred in ≥ 5% of people) · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 1.51 [0.93, 2.46]1 study · 117 participantsVery low
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL
Economic outcomes · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL
Tranquillisation or asleep · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL
Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injections during 24 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 1.28 [1, 1.63]2 studies · 477 participantsVery low
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL
Specific behaviour: Agitation ‐ clinically important change (PANSS ‐EC reduction ≥ 40% from baseline) ‐ up to 2 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.94 [0.8, 1.11]2 studies · 477 participantsVery low
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES
Global state: relapse · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane
RR 1.05 [0.85, 1.29]5 studies · 375 participantsLow
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES
Global state: rehospitalisation* · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.96 [0.82, 1.14]8 studies · 943 participantsLow
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES
Mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.82 [0.67, 1.01]4 studies · 249 participantsLow
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES
Adverse effect/event: death ‐ any cause · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane
RR 1.57 [0.62, 3.98]6 studies · 627 participantsLow
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES
Functioning ‐ average scores (Social Functioning Scale, high = good) · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 65 participantsVery low
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES
Quality of life: average scores (MSQOL, high = good, medium term) · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 64 participantsVery low
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES
Satisfaction with treatment ‐ leaving the study early for any reason · people with schizophrenia
Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.86 [0.75, 0.99]26 studies · 2392 participantsLow
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL
Tranquillisation or asleep by 30 minutes ‐ not measured · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE
Global outcome: need for additional measures · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
RR 1.43 [0.39, 5.28]1 study · 29 participantsVery low
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE
Adverse effects: movement disorder · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 29 participantsVery low
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE
Economic outcomes ‐ not measured · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. QUETIAPINE
Tranquillisation or asleep by 30 minutes ‐ not measured · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. QUETIAPINE
Repeated need for tranquillisation within 24 hours ‐ not measured · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. QUETIAPINE
Specific behaviour ‐ aggression, over 24 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 40 participantsVery low
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. QUETIAPINE
Global outcome ‐ not measured · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies