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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Reduced dose of antipsychotics vs antipsychotic maintenance Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Switch to another antipsychotic vs antipsychotic cessation Tardive dyskinesia: no clinically important improvement · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.23, 0.89] | 1 study · 42 participants | Low |
Switch to another antipsychotic vs antipsychotic cessation Tardive dyskinesia: deterioration of symptoms ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Antipsychotic reduction and/or cessation and antipsychotics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
ORAL FLUPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO Global state: Not improved or worsened ‐ medium termDichotomised Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MDRS) · patients with Schizophrenia Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.79, 1.58] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
ORAL FLUPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO Global state: Relapse ‐ long termClinical judgement · patients with Schizophrenia Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.05, 3.31] | 2 studies · 86 participants | Very low |
ORAL FLUPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Death ‐ long termOccurrences of death · patients with Schizophrenia Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.38 [0.1, 55.72] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
ORAL FLUPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects (akathisia) ‐ short termInstances of akathisia · patients with Schizophrenia Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3.43 [1.23, 9.56] | 2 studies · 227 participants | Moderate |
ORAL FLUPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects (rigidity) ‐ short termInstances of rigidity · patients with Schizophrenia Fluphenazine (oral) versus placebo for schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3.54 [1.76, 7.14] | 2 studies · 227 participants | Moderate |
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE Global state: 1a. Relapse ‐ long term · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.61, 1] | 13 studies · 1538 participants | Low |
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE Global state: 2. Clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ long term · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.39, 0.84] | 2 studies · 82 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE Mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) ‐ long term · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.65, 1.02] | 5 studies · 501 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE Adverse events: General: any adverse event · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.27, 0.72] | 2 studies · 146 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE Functioning: Social (average endpoint score SOFAS, high = good) ‐ long term · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 295 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE Quality of life: General (average endpoint score QLS, high = good) ‐ long term * · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 1: CBT+ STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE ALONE Satisfaction with treatment: 1. Leaving the study early ‐ long term · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.77, 1.12] | 19 studies · 1945 participants | Moderate |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL Tranquillisation or asleep · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL Global state: non‐responders to the first injection · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.78, 1.79] | 1 study · 360 participants | Low |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL Adverse effects: one or more adverse events during 24 hours (only reported if occurred in ≥ 5% of people) · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.61, 1.35] | 1 study · 113 participants | Very low |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL Adverse effects: movement disorders ‐ EPS during 24 hours (only reported if occurred in ≥ 5% of people) · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.12, 0.7] | 2 studies · 471 participants | Very low |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL Economic outcomes · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Tranquillisation or asleep · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Repeated need for tranquillisation · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Specific behaviour: Agitation ‐ clinically important change (PANSS ‐EC reduction ≥ 40% from baseline) ‐ up to 2 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.6, 0.99] | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Global state: CGI‐S change score up to 2 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Adverse effects: one or more adverse effects during 24 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.45, 1.24] | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Adverse effects: somnolence during 24 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.08, 0.82] | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injections during 24 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.56, 0.85] | 2 studies · 382 participants | Very low |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Economic outcomes · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL Specific behaviour: Agitation ‐ clinically important change (PANSS ‐EC reduction ≥ 40% from baseline) ‐ up to 2 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [1.17, 1.92] | 2 studies · 382 participants | Very low |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL Global state: non‐responders to the first injection · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.34, 0.71] | 1 study · 263 participants | Low |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL Adverse effects: one or more adverse events during 24 hours (only reported if occurred in ≥ 5% of people) · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [0.93, 2.46] | 1 study · 117 participants | Very low |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL Economic outcomes · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL Tranquillisation or asleep · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injections during 24 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [1, 1.63] | 2 studies · 477 participants | Very low |
ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL Specific behaviour: Agitation ‐ clinically important change (PANSS ‐EC reduction ≥ 40% from baseline) ‐ up to 2 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.8, 1.11] | 2 studies · 477 participants | Very low |
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES Global state: relapse · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.85, 1.29] | 5 studies · 375 participants | Low |
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES Global state: rehospitalisation* · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.82, 1.14] | 8 studies · 943 participants | Low |
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES Mental state: General ‐ clinically important change (no improvement) · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.67, 1.01] | 4 studies · 249 participants | Low |
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES Adverse effect/event: death ‐ any cause · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.57 [0.62, 3.98] | 6 studies · 627 participants | Low |
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES Functioning ‐ average scores (Social Functioning Scale, high = good) · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 65 participants | Very low |
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES Quality of life: average scores (MSQOL, high = good, medium term) · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
CBT vs ALL OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES Satisfaction with treatment ‐ leaving the study early for any reason · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.75, 0.99] | 26 studies · 2392 participants | Low |
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL Tranquillisation or asleep by 30 minutes ‐ not measured · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Global outcome: need for additional measures · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.39, 5.28] | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Adverse effects: movement disorder · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. OLANZAPINE Economic outcomes ‐ not measured · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. QUETIAPINE Tranquillisation or asleep by 30 minutes ‐ not measured · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. QUETIAPINE Repeated need for tranquillisation within 24 hours ‐ not measured · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. QUETIAPINE Specific behaviour ‐ aggression, over 24 hours · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
RISPERIDONE vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. QUETIAPINE Global outcome ‐ not measured · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) Risperidone for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |