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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Self‐management training vs usual care Knowledge: kidney disease‐related knowledge · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 103 participants | Low |
Self‐management training vs usual care Self‐care behaviour · people with CKD Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 497 participants | Low |
Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence vs standard care Taking adherence · solid organ transplant recipients Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence in solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.95, 1.27] | 4 studies · 445 participants | Low |
Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence vs standard care Dosing adherence · solid organ transplant recipients Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence in solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [1.03, 1.26] | 8 studies · 713 participants | Low |
Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence vs standard care Timing adherence · solid organ transplant recipients Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence in solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.98, 1.23] | 6 studies · 632 participants | Low |
Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence vs standard care Drug holidays · solid organ transplant recipients Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence in solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.77, 1.62] | 4 studies · 445 participants | Low |
Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence vs standard care Self‐reported adherence (proportion) · solid organ transplant recipients Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence in solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.99, 1.49] | 9 studies · 755 participants | Very low |
Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence vs standard care Self‐reported adherence (mean) · solid organ transplant recipients Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence in solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 471 participants | Very low |
Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence vs standard care Proportion of immunosuppressant trough concentration levels at target · solid organ transplant recipients Interventions for increasing immunosuppressant medication adherence in solid organ transplant recipients (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.68, 1.4] | 4 studies · 348 participants | Very low |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Time to mature · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Dialysis efficacy indicator · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Vascular access function · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Vascular access complications (isometric versus isotonic exercise training) · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.54 [0.38, 17.08] | 2 studies · 110 participants | Very low |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Adverse events · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Ultrasound maturation (isotonic exercise training versus no intervention) · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.94, 1.25] | 2 studies · 263 participants | Low |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Ultrasound maturation (isometric versus isotonic exercise training) · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.56 [1.21, 2] | 3 studies · 160 participants | Low |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Clinical maturation (isotonic exercise training versus no intervention) · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [1.02, 1.27] | 2 studies · 263 participants | Low |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Clinical maturation (isometric versus isotonic exercise training) · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [1.18, 2.76] | 3 studies · 160 participants | Low |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Venous diameter (isometric versus isotonic exercise training) · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 160 participants | Low |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Venous diameter (high volume versus low volume isotonic exercise training) · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 93 participants | Very low |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Blood flow in the inflow artery (isometric versus isotonic exercise training) · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 160 participants | Low |
Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) Blood flow in the inflow artery (high volume versus low volume isotonic exercise training) · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation Upper limb exercise for arteriovenous fistula maturation in people requiring permanent haemodialysis access (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus tissue plasminogen activator vs systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus heparin Cure: short‐term success · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.74, 1.15] | 18 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotics alone vs systematic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solution Death · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic antibiotics alone vs systematic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solution Development of antibiotic resistance · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic antibiotics alone vs systematic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solution Adverse effects · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Catheter guidewire exchange vs catheter removal and replacement Cure: infection‐free survival · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | HR 0.881 [0.43, 1.79] | 1 study · 678 participants | Very low |
Catheter guidewire exchange vs catheter removal and replacement Stenosis or thrombosis of vascular access site after catheter removal · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Catheter guidewire exchange vs catheter removal and replacement Death · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Catheter guidewire exchange vs catheter removal and replacement Development of antibiotic resistance · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Catheter guidewire exchange vs catheter removal and replacement Adverse effects · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus tissue plasminogen activator vs systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus heparin Cure: long‐term success · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 64 [0.38, 1.06] | 18 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus tissue plasminogen activator vs systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus heparin Cure: infection‐free survival · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus tissue plasminogen activator vs systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus heparin Stenosis or thrombosis of vascular access site after catheter removal · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus tissue plasminogen activator vs systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus heparin Death · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus tissue plasminogen activator vs systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus heparin Development of antibiotic resistance · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus tissue plasminogen activator vs systemic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solutions plus heparin Adverse effects · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic antibiotics alone vs systematic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solution Cure: successful eradication of the infection · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.61 [1.16, 2.23] | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Systemic antibiotics alone vs systematic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solution Stenosis or thrombosis of vascular access site after catheter removal · patients on maintenance HD with CRBSI Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs no treatment Symptomatic and bacteriuria confirmed UTI (positive culture) · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.15, 0.39] | 1 study · 205 participants | Very low |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs nitrofurantoin (50 mg) Asymptomatic bacteriuria · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs nitrofurantoin (50 mg) Changes to previous treatment regimen · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs nitrofurantoin (50 mg) Pain · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs nitrofurantoin (50 mg) Cure/complete remission · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs nitrofurantoin (50 mg) Adverse effects · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.13, 0.57] | 1 study · 206 participants | Very low |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs no treatment Symptomatic‐only UTI · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs no treatment Asymptomatic bacteriuria · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs no treatment Changes to previous treatment regimen · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs no treatment Pain · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
D‐mannose (2 g) vs no treatment Cure/complete remission · women with acute cystitis or history of recurrent acute cystitis (preventing and treating) D‐mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |