Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,230 questions · 1,303 findings · 326 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 73 · 5.6%GRADE not reported 21 · 1.6%Very low 497 · 38.1%Low 403 · 30.9%Moderate 245 · 18.8%High 64 · 4.9%

Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement

Blood lossTime point: mean 48 hours, range 1 to 13 days. Higher blood loss indicates a worse outcome. · people undergoing total knee replacement

1 finding from 1 review

Cryotherapy following total knee replacement 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 956 participants
Low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Kujala patellofemoral disorders score Scale from: 0 to 100 (higher scores = better function) · people with lateral patellar dislocation

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes knee and physical functiona Measured using the Kujala patellofemoral… compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 5.73
7 studies · 401 participants
Very low

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy vs control

Pain (medium term): using VAS (range 0 to 10); higher values indicate worse pain · adolescents and adults with acute fractures in tibia and femur

1 finding from 1 review

Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 57 participants
Very low

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

Pain (short term) WOMAC scale from 0 to 20 points (higher is worse pain). · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius, clavicle, scaphoid,…

1 finding from 1 review

Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 148 participants
Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Function in the long term Measured using AOFAS score (0 to 100, higher scores indicate improved function) · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 319 participants
Low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Quality of Life: SF‐36 (physical component) · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 192 participants
Low

Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) with or without pan‐retinal photocoagulation (PRP) vs PRP alone

Visual acuity · proliferative diabetic retinopathy

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for proliferative diabetic retinopathy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 1172 participants
Moderate

CBT vs control

Mood disturbance Profile of mood state (higher score indicates more mood disturbance, score range from 0 to 200) · Women with non‐metastatic breast cancer

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological interventions for women with non‐metastatic breast cancer 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 2276 participants
Low

Exercise therapy vs no treatment

Back‐specific functional status · acute non‐specific LBP

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise therapy for treatment of acute non‐specific low back pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 157 participants
Very low

Hormonal therapy vs placebo or no intervention

Effect on later sexual function · symptomatic or early postmenopausal women1.

4 findings from 1 review

Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 699 participants
Moderate
Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 883 participants
Very low
Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 215 participants
Very low

Show 1 more finding

Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 542 participants
Very low

Hormonal therapy vs placebo or no intervention

Effect on later sexual function · Postmenopausal women

5 findings from 1 review

Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 272 participants
Very low
Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 608 participants
Moderate
Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 104 participants
Very low

Show 2 more findings

Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 105 participants
Very low
Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 1525 participants
Low

SPLINT vs No active treatment (control)

CTS symptoms (Boston CTS questionnaire) ‐ short‐term improvement: < 3 monthsScale: 1 to 5, higher is worse · carpal tunnel syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 306 participants
Low

SPLINT vs No active treatment (control)

CTS symptoms (Boston CTS questionnaire) ‐ long‐term improvement: > 3 monthsScale: 1 to 5, higher is worse · carpal tunnel syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 144 participants
Very low

SPLINT vs No active treatment (control)

Function (Boston CTS questionnaire) ‐ Long‐term improvement: > 3 monthsScale: 1 to 5, higher is worse · carpal tunnel syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 34 participants
Low

Exercise vs no treatment

Exercise capacity · people with non‐ulcerated chronic venous insufficiency

It is very uncertain whether physical exercise changes exercise capacity assessed by: time on treadmill (higher is better) compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Physical exercise for the treatment of non‐ulcerated chronic venous insufficiency 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 77.74
2 studies · 56 participants
Very low

Exercise vs no treatment

Muscle strength · people with non‐ulcerated chronic venous insufficiency

It is very uncertain whether physical exercise changes muscle strength assessed by: heel lifts (higher is better) compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Physical exercise for the treatment of non‐ulcerated chronic venous insufficiency 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 3.1
3 studies · 89 participants
Very low

Telemedicine vs usual care

HRQoL: using EQ‐5D (range from 0 to 1; higher values indicate better quality of life

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus fasting during Ramadan 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 85 participants
Very low

Assistive technology for vision improvement interventions vs usual care or attention control

Health‐related quality of life ‐ all trials Higher scores indicate improved health‐related quality of life · Older people living in the community

Assistive technology for vision improvement interventions showed no clear difference in health‐related quality of life 1 trial of single‐lens glasses… compared with usual care or attention control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.4
1 study · 597 participants
Low

Home fall‐hazard reduction vs control (e.g. usual activities)

QoL · older people living in the community (included trials conducting pre‐ and/or post‐hospital discharge home visits focusing on fall…

Home fall‐hazard reduction showed no clear difference in health‐related quality of life SMD was calculated from 4 studies… compared with control (e.g. usual care) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
SMD 0.09
6 studies · 1848 participants
Moderate

Culturally adapted health literacy skills building course vs no/unrelated health literacy intervention

Health literacy – Multiple outcomes and measures used: (1) Generic health literacy Functional health literacy, TOFHLA (score · migrants

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 229 participants
Low