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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Perioperative restrictive fluid therapy vs goal‐directed fluid therapy Length of hospital stay (days) · adults receiving intravenous fluids while undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery Perioperative restrictive versus goal‐directed fluid therapy for adults undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 464 participants | Very low |
Perioperative restrictive fluid therapy vs goal‐directed fluid therapy Surgery‐related complications (during longest · adults receiving intravenous fluids while undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery Perioperative restrictive versus goal‐directed fluid therapy for adults undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.54 [0.87, 2.72] | 4 studies · 364 participants | Very low |
Perioperative restrictive fluid therapy vs goal‐directed fluid therapy Non‐surgery‐related complications (during longest · adults receiving intravenous fluids while undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery Perioperative restrictive versus goal‐directed fluid therapy for adults undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.52, 1.93] | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Perioperative restrictive fluid therapy vs goal‐directed fluid therapy Renal failure (during longest · adults receiving intravenous fluids while undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery Perioperative restrictive versus goal‐directed fluid therapy for adults undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.57, 3.36] | 4 studies · 410 participants | Very low |
Perioperative restrictive fluid therapy vs goal‐directed fluid therapy Quality of surgical recovery assessed in any way (e.g. as a surgical recovery score) (during longest · adults receiving intravenous fluids while undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery Perioperative restrictive versus goal‐directed fluid therapy for adults undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Pain · children having undergone thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery. 3 trials included in the analysis contained participants older… Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 116 participants | Moderate |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Vomiting up to 48 hours after surgery · children having undergone thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery. 3 trials included in the analysis contained participants older… Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.58, 1.3] | 6 studies · 215 participants | Low |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Return of gastrointestinal function · children having undergone thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery. 3 trials included in the analysis contained participants older… Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.63 [1.08, 2.47] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Time to first mobilization: time ambulate (days) · children having undergone thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery. 3 trials included in the analysis contained participants older… Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Hospital length of stay (days) · children having undergone thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery. 3 trials included in the analysis contained participants older… Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 89 participants | Very low |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Satisfaction with postoperative analgesia regimen · children having undergone thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery. 3 trials included in the analysis contained participants older… Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 60 participants | Very low |
Epidural analgesia vs systemic analgesia Complications · children having undergone thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery. 3 trials included in the analysis contained participants older… Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco‐lumbar spine surgery in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 126 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality (within 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.47, 1.9] | 29 studies · 4099 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Acute myocardial infarction (within 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.72, 1.52] | 25 studies · 3946 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cerebrovascular events (within 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.37 | 5 studies · 1471 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Ventricular arrhythmias (within 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.25, 0.63] | 12 studies · 2296 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Atrial fibrillation or flutter, or both (within 30 days) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.42, 0.59] | 40 studies · 5650 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Bradycardia (within 30 days; as defined by study authors, minimum heart rate < 60 beats per minute or requiring medication) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.63 [0.92, 2.91] | 12 studies · 1640 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hypotension (within 30 days; as defined by study authors, minimum systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg or requiring medication) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.84 [0.89, 3.8] | 10 studies · 1538 participants | Low |
Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or standard care Early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk… Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.89, 1.54] | 16 studies · 11446 participants | Low |
Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or standard care Acute myocardial infarction (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk… Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.6, 0.87] | 12 studies · 10520 participants | Low |
Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or standard care Cerebrovascular events (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk… Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [0.97, 2.81] | 6 studies · 9460 participants | Low |
Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or standard care Ventricular arrhythmias (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk… Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.35, 1.47] | 5 studies · 476 participants | Very low |
Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or standard care Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, or both (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk… Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.21, 0.79] | 9 studies · 9080 participants | Low |
Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or standard care Bradycardia (within 30 days; as defined by study authors, minimum heart rate < 60 beats per minute or requiring medication) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk… Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.49 [1.74, 3.56] | 49 studies · 12239 participants | Low |
Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or standard care Hypotension (within 30 days; as defined by study authors, minimum systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg or requiring medication) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk… Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [1.29, 1.51] | 49 studies · 12304 participants | Moderate |
2% mepivacaine, 1:20,000 levonordefrin vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Duration of anaesthesia (soft tissue, simulated) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | MD 4.43 [-10.63, 19.48] | 2 studies · 458 participants | Very low |
4% prilocaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Adverse effects: pain following injection · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | SoF: Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Adverse effects: pain following injection · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | SoF: Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Duration of anaesthesia · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | SoF: Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
3% mepivacaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Success of local anaesthesia (soft tissue, self-reported; 100% success in all studies) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | '100% success' (lidocaine 1:100,000 vs 3% mepivacaine plain): infraorbital block - Berberich 2009 40/40 vs 40/40; IANB - Cohen 1993 27/27 vs 34/34, McLean 1993 30/30 vs 30/30. Both 100% successful. | 3 studies · 121 participants | Ungraded |
4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Adverse effects: pain on injection (solution deposition) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | SoF: See comment (orphan study); 86 participants, 172 interventions (1 study). Not pooled/graded. | 1 study · 86 participants | Ungraded |
4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Duration of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy pulps) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | MD -8.98 [-15.17, -2.79] | 5 studies · 162 participants | Very low |
4% prilocaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy pulps) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.75, 1.17] | 2 studies · 60 participants | Low |
0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Adverse effects: allergy to local anaesthetic · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | SoF: Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Speed of onset of anaesthesia · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | SoF: Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Success of local anaesthesia, absence of pain (clinical testing of diseased pulps with irreversible pulpitis) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… · 10 minutes post-injection to end of clinical procedure Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.6 [1.1, 2.32] | 4 studies · 203 participants | Low |
4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Participants' experience of the procedures · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | No data from the included studies were available. | 0 studies | No studies |
4% articaine plain vs 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine Success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy pulps) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.33, 1.01] | 2 studies · 134 participants | Very low |
4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Adverse effects: allergy to local anaesthetic · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | SoF: Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Success of local anaesthesia (soft tissue, self-reported; 100% success in all studies) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | 'Other comparisons with 100% success': IANB - Allegretti 2016 22/22 vs 22/22; Visconti 2016 21/21 vs 21/21. Both formulations 100% successful; no meta-analysis (no difference). | 2 studies · 43 participants | Ungraded |
4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine Speed of onset of anaesthesia · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | SoF: Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
4% prilocaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Duration of anaesthesia (soft tissue, simulated) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | MD -33.95 [-48.05, -19.84] | 3 studies · 698 participants | Very low |
4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Speed of onset of anaesthesia (soft tissue, simulated) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.23 [-0.45, -0.01] | 6 studies · 637 participants | Very low |
4% prilocaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Speed of onset of anaesthesia (soft tissue, simulated) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.01 [-0.14, 0.11] | 2 studies · 421 participants | Low |
4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Speed of onset of anaesthesia · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | SoF: Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine Duration of anaesthesia · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | SoF: Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
2% lidocaine, 1:50,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy pulps) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.88, 1.12] | 7 studies · 210 participants | Very low |
4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Duration of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy pulps) · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | MD 10.33 [-22.08, 42.74] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Very low |
4% prilocaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine Duration of anaesthesia · Participants of any age and gender undergoing dental procedures, and volunteers who took part in simulated scenario… Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia (2018) · Cochrane | SoF: Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |