Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,410 questions · 8,901 findings · 1,091 reviews

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No studies found 1,687 · 19%GRADE not reported 1,469 · 16.5%Very low 1,969 · 22.1%Low 2,060 · 23.1%Moderate 1,302 · 14.6%High 414 · 4.7%

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Slow vs fast subcutaneous heparin injection

Bruise incidence ‐ 48 hours after injection · patients treated with subcutaneous heparin injections

Slow may leads to lower bruise incidence ‐ 48 hours after injection compared with fast subcutaneous heparin injection (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Slow versus fast subcutaneous heparin injections for prevention of bruising and site pain intensity 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.39 [0.26, 0.6]
3 studies · 444 participants
Low
Slow versus fast subcutaneous heparin injections for prevention of bruising and site pain intensity 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.25 [0.1, 0.65]
2 studies · 84 participants
Low

Propyl betaine and polihexanide vs Normal saline

Procedural pain · participants with chronic leg ulcers

1 finding from 1 review

Wound cleansing for treating venous leg ulcers 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Very low

Mobile phone interventions vs usual care

Objective measure of medication adherence: Cholesterol (low‐density lipoprotein) · people prescribed medication for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

1 finding from 1 review

Mobile phone‐based interventions for improving adherence to medication prescribed for the primary prevention of… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 5441 participants
Low

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine

CRM197‐PCV7in low‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
6
2 studies · 39530 participants
Moderate

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine

OMPC‐PCV7in low‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1666 participants
Low

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine

PHiD‐CV10in low‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
6
2 studies · 12454 participants
Low

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine

PHiD‐CV11in low‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
34
1 study · 4968 participants
Moderate

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine

CRM197‐PCV7in low‐risk infants OMPC‐PCV7in low‐risk infants PHiD‐PC10 and PHiD‐PC11 in low‐risk infants CRM197‐PCV7/9 and CRM197‐PCV7 plus TIVin older children · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 77389 participants
High

Oscillating devices vs different oscillating devices

Sputum: weight (dry or wet) (g) · adults and children with cystic fibrosis

1 finding from 1 review

Oscillating devices for airway clearance in people with cystic fibrosis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 24 participants
Low

Carboplatin vs cisplatin chemotherapy

Overall survival (baseline risks for low‐ and high‐risk groups in the control arm were estimated at 1 year) · combination with third‐generation drugs for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer

Carboplatin showed no clear difference in overall survival (baseline risks for low‐ and high‐risk groups in… compared with cisplatin chemotherapy (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cisplatin versus carboplatin in combination with third‐generation drugs for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.99 [0.82, 1.2]
10 studies · 2515 participants
High

Intervention not reported

NNS versus nutritive, low‐calorie sweetener (tagatose) NNS: sucralose

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 354 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

NNS versus nutritive, low‐calorie sweetener

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Death (all causes) · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in death (all causes) compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.63, 1.25]
13 studies · 3894 participants
Moderate

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Graft loss including death · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in total graft loss (with death) compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.84 [0.67, 1.06]
11 studies · 3476 participants
Moderate

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Biopsy‐proven acute rejection · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low probably leads to higher biopsy‐proven acute rejection compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.26 [1.1, 1.43]
11 studies · 3731 participants
Moderate

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

CMV infection · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in CMV infection compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.63, 1.21]
9 studies · 3099 participants
Moderate

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Malignancy · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in all malignancy compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.84 [0.54, 1.32]
10 studies · 3175 participants
Moderate

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Number needing to change treatment · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in number needing to change treatment compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.78, 1.05]
10 studies · 3652 participants
Low

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Diabetes · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low probably leads to lower diabetes compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.51, 0.93]
6 studies · 2125 participants
Moderate

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Lymphoma/PTLD · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in lymphoma/PTLD compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR‐I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.66 [0.25, 1.73]
7 studies · 2792 participants
Moderate