Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,535 questions · 3,601 findings · 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 726 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%

Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing

Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy · women in the second stage of labour

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in the second stage of labour

It is very uncertain whether spontaneous pushing changes 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 compared with directed pushing (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.35 [0.01, 8.43]
1 study · 320 participants
Very low

Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing

Duration of pushing (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 169 participants
Very low

Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing

Spontaneous vaginal delivery · women in the second stage of labour

Spontaneous pushing showed no clear difference in spontaneous vaginal delivery compared with directed pushing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.97, 1.05]
5 studies · 688 participants
Moderate

Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural)

Duration of second stage (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 3049 participants
Very low

Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural)

3rd or 4th degree tears · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

Delayed pushing showed no clear difference in perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.78, 1.14]
7 studies · 2775 participants
Moderate

Planned early birth vs expectant management

Maternal mortality or morbidity · pregnant women with hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks' gestation to term

Planned early delivery leads to lower composite maternal mortality and morbidity compared with expectant management (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.57, 0.83]
2 studies · 1459 participants
High

Planned early birth vs expectant management

Composite infant mortality and morbidity · pregnant women with hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks' gestation to term

1 finding from 1 review

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 1459 participants
GRADE not reported

Planned early birth vs expectant management

Caesarean section · pregnant women with hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks' gestation to term

Planned early delivery showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.78, 1.07]
4 studies · 1728 participants
Moderate

Planned early birth vs expectant management

Maternal postpartum hospital stay (days) · pregnant women with hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks' gestation to term

1 finding from 1 review

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 925 participants
Moderate

Planned early birth vs expectant management

Duration of hospital stay after delivery for baby (days) · pregnant women with hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks' gestation to term

1 finding from 1 review

Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 756 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes)

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: severe hypertension or pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women with GDM

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet changes hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: severe hypertension or… compared with moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.07, 15.86]
1 study · 95 participants
Very low