Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,289 questions · 2,331 findings · 195 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 480 · 20.6%GRADE not reported 288 · 12.4%Very low 467 · 20%Low 630 · 27%Moderate 338 · 14.5%High 128 · 5.5%

Tetanus toxoid vs influenza vaccine

Neonatal tetanus deaths ‐ 2 or 3 doses · women aged between 13 and 45 years.

Tetanus toxoid probably leads to lower neonatal tetanus deaths ‐ 2 or 3 doses compared with influenza vaccine (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.02 [0, 0.3]
1 study · 688 participants
Moderate

Tetanus toxoid vs influenza vaccine

All causes of deaths ‐ 1 dose · women aged between 13 and 45 years.

Tetanus toxoid showed no clear difference in all causes of deaths ‐ 1 dose compared with influenza vaccine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.08 [0.65, 1.79]
1 study · 494 participants
Low

Tetanus toxoid vs influenza vaccine

All causes of deaths ‐ 2 or 3 doses · women aged between 13 and 45 years.

Tetanus toxoid probably leads to lower all causes of deaths ‐ 2 or 3 doses compared with influenza vaccine (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.17, 0.55]
1 study · 688 participants
Moderate

Tetanus toxoid vs influenza vaccine

Neonatal tetanus cases ‐ Any dose · women aged between 13 and 45 years.

Tetanus toxoid probably leads to lower neonatal tetanus cases ‐ Any dose compared with influenza vaccine (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.2 [0.1, 0.4]
1 study · 1182 participants
Moderate

Tetanus diphtheria toxoid immunisation of women of reproductive age vs cholera toxoid

Neonatal death (death within the first 28 days of life) · women of reproductive age ≥ 15 years.

Tetanus diphtheria toxoid immunisation of women of reproductive age may leads to lower neonatal mortality in the first 28 days of life compared with cholera toxoid (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.68 [0.56, 0.82]
1 study · 8641 participants
Low

Tetanus diphtheria toxoid immunisation of women of reproductive age vs cholera toxoid

Neonatal mortality between day 4‐14 of life · women of reproductive age ≥ 15 years.

Tetanus diphtheria toxoid immunisation of women of reproductive age may leads to lower neonatal mortality between day 4‐14 of life compared with cholera toxoid (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.27, 0.55]
1 study · 8641 participants
Low

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo

Injection site pain · patients with local and systemic reactions

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus… probably leads to higher injection site reactions ‐ pain at injection site compared with saline placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5.68 [1.54, 20.94]
1 study · 48 participants
Moderate

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus Diphtheria acelluar Pertussis vaccine vs saline placebo

Injection site reactions ‐ erythema ‐ redness · patients with local and systemic reactions

Local and systemic reactions after administration of Tetanus… showed no clear difference in injection site reactions ‐ erythema ‐ redness compared with saline placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.36 [0.15, 12.05]
1 study · 48 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs no antibiotics

Wound infection · women undergoing caesarean section

Antibiotics probably leads to lower maternal wound infection compared with no antibiotics (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.4 [0.35, 0.46]
82 studies · 14407 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs no antibiotics

Endometritis · women undergoing caesarean section

Antibiotics probably leads to lower maternal endometritis compared with no antibiotics (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.34, 0.42]
83 studies · 13548 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs no antibiotics

Maternal serious infectious complications · women undergoing caesarean section

Antibiotics probably leads to lower maternal serious infectious complications compared with no antibiotics (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.2, 0.49]
32 studies · 6159 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs no antibiotics

Adverse effects on infant · women undergoing caesarean section

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Antibiotics vs no antibiotics

Wound infection · Women undergoing elective cesarean section

Antibiotics probably leads to lower maternal wound infection compared with no antibiotics (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.62 [0.47, 0.82]
17 studies · 3537 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs no antibiotics

Endometritis · Women undergoing elective cesarean section

Antibiotics probably leads to lower maternal endometritis compared with no antibiotics (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.24, 0.61]
15 studies · 2502 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs no antibiotics

Maternal serious infectious complications · Women undergoing elective cesarean section

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in maternal serious infectious complications compared with no antibiotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.04, 24.21]
4 studies · 545 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs no antibiotics

Adverse effects on infant · Women undergoing elective cesarean section

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Antibiotics vs placebo

Neonatal sepsis · Women with meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in labour, gestational age more than 24 weeks

Antibiotic showed no clear difference in neonatal sepsis compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.21, 4.76]
1 study · 120 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs placebo

Chorioamnionitis · Women with meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in labour, gestational age more than 24 weeks

Antibiotic probably leads to lower chorioamnionitis compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.36 [0.21, 0.62]
2 studies · 362 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

Postpartum endometritis · Women with meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in labour, gestational age more than 24 weeks

Antibiotic showed no clear difference in postpartum endometritis compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.18, 1.38]
1 study · 120 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs placebo

Mortality and morbidity prior to discharge (Neonatal intensive care admissions) · Women with meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in labour, gestational age more than 24 weeks

Antibiotic showed no clear difference in mortality and morbidity prior to discharge (Neonatal intensive care… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for meconium‐stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.39, 1.78]
1 study · 120 participants
Low