Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,653 questions in 194 reviews · Gynaecology and Fertility
current versionsNo studies 531 · 20%Ungraded 76 · 2.9%Very low 826 · 31.1%Low 855 · 32.2%Moderate 341 · 12.9%High 24 · 0.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Varicocele treatment vs non‐surgical, delayed, or no treatment Adverse events · Varicoceles in subfertile men Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Radiological treatment vs radiological treatment Quality of life · Varicoceles in subfertile men Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Varicocele treatment vs non‐surgical, delayed, or no treatment Pregnancy · Varicoceles in subfertile men Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.55 [1.06, 2.26] | 13 studies · 1193 participants | Low |
Varicocele treatment vs non‐surgical, delayed, or no treatment Varicocele recurrence · Varicoceles in subfertile men Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Varicocele treatment vs non‐surgical, delayed, or no treatment Quality of life · Varicoceles in subfertile men Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgical treatment vs radiological treatment Live birth · Varicoceles in subfertile men Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.49 [0.66, 3.37] | 1 study · 155 participants | Very low |
Surgical treatment vs radiological treatment Adverse event: hydrocele formation · Varicoceles in subfertile men Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men (2021) · Cochrane | RR 4.24 [0.53, 33.76] | 3 studies · 284 participants | Very low |
Surgical treatment vs radiological treatment Pregnancy · Varicoceles in subfertile men Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.75, 1.7] | 5 studies · 456 participants | Low |
Surgical treatment vs radiological treatment Varicocele recurrence · Varicoceles in subfertile men Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.82, 2.8] | 3 studies · 380 participants | Low |
Assisted hatching vs no assisted hatching Live births per woman randomised · women undergoing assisted conception Assisted hatching on assisted conception (in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.09 [0.92, 1.29] | 14 studies · 2849 participants | Low |
Assisted hatching vs no assisted hatching Multiple pregnancy rate per woman randomised · women undergoing assisted conception Assisted hatching on assisted conception (in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.38 [1.13, 1.68] | 18 studies · 4308 participants | Low |
Assisted hatching vs no assisted hatching Clinical pregnancy rate per woman randomised · women undergoing assisted conception Assisted hatching on assisted conception (in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.2 [1.09, 1.33] | 39 studies · 7249 participants | Low |
Assisted hatching vs no assisted hatching Miscarriage rate per woman randomised · women undergoing assisted conception Assisted hatching on assisted conception (in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.13 [0.82, 1.56] | 17 studies · 2810 participants | Very low |
Double intrauterine insemination (IUI) vs single IUI Live birth ratea · stimulated cycles for subfertile couples Double versus single intrauterine insemination (IUI) in stimulated cycles for subfertile couples (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.15 [0.71, 1.88] | 3 studies · 468 participants | Low |
Double intrauterine insemination (IUI) vs single IUI Miscarriage ratea · stimulated cycles for subfertile couples Double versus single intrauterine insemination (IUI) in stimulated cycles for subfertile couples (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.78 [0.98, 3.24] | 6 studies · 2363 participants | Low |
Double intrauterine insemination (IUI) vs single IUI Clinical pregnancy ratea · stimulated cycles for subfertile couples Double versus single intrauterine insemination (IUI) in stimulated cycles for subfertile couples (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.51 [1.23, 1.86] | 9 studies · 2716 participants | Low |
Double intrauterine insemination (IUI) vs single IUI Multiple pregnancy ratea · stimulated cycles for subfertile couples Double versus single intrauterine insemination (IUI) in stimulated cycles for subfertile couples (2021) · Cochrane | OR 2.04 [0.91, 4.56] | 5 studies · 2203 participants | Low |
Double intrauterine insemination (IUI) vs single IUI Ectopic pregnancy ratea · stimulated cycles for subfertile couples Double versus single intrauterine insemination (IUI) in stimulated cycles for subfertile couples (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.22 [0.35, 4.28] | 4 studies · 1048 participants | Low |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs expectant management Overall pain at 12 months  · Patients with symptomatic endometriosis following surgery Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs postoperative GnRH‐a Chronic pelvic pain at 12 months  Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs postoperative GnRH‐a Dysmenorrhoea at 12 months  Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs postoperative GnRH‐a Improvement of the most troublesome symptom at 12 months  Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs postoperative GnRH‐a Quality of life at 12 months  Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs postoperative GnRH‐a Patient satisfaction at 12 months Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs postoperative GnRH‐a Adverse events  Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs expectant management Chronic pelvic pain at 12 months  · Patients with symptomatic endometriosis following surgery Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs expectant management Dysmenorrhoea at 12 months  · Patients with symptomatic endometriosis following surgery Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 95 participants | Very low |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs expectant management Improvement of the most troublesome symptom at 12 months  · Patients with symptomatic endometriosis following surgery Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs expectant management Quality of life at 12 months  · Patients with symptomatic endometriosis following surgery Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs expectant management Patient satisfaction at 12 months · Patients with symptomatic endometriosis following surgery Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 95 participants | Very low |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs expectant management Adverse events  · Patients with symptomatic endometriosis following surgery Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs postoperative GnRH‐a  Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postoperative use of LNG‐IUD vs postoperative GnRH‐a Overall pain at 12 months  Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device (LNG‐IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Monitoring ovarian stimulation by transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) only vs monitoring with TVUS plus serum estradiol Live birth per woman · Women undergoing ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins in IVF and ICSI procedures Monitoring of stimulated cycles in assisted reproduction (IVF and ICSI) (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Monitoring ovarian stimulation by transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) only vs monitoring with TVUS plus serum estradiol Clinical pregnancy per woman · Women undergoing ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins in IVF and ICSI procedures Monitoring of stimulated cycles in assisted reproduction (IVF and ICSI) (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.1 [0.79, 1.54] | 4 studies · 617 participants | Low |
Monitoring ovarian stimulation by transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) only vs monitoring with TVUS plus serum estradiol Mean number of oocytes retrieved per woman · Women undergoing ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins in IVF and ICSI procedures Monitoring of stimulated cycles in assisted reproduction (IVF and ICSI) (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 595 participants | Low |
Monitoring ovarian stimulation by transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) only vs monitoring with TVUS plus serum estradiol OHSS rate (mild, moderate or severe) per woman · Women undergoing ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins in IVF and ICSI procedures Monitoring of stimulated cycles in assisted reproduction (IVF and ICSI) (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.03 [0.48, 2.2] | 6 studies · 781 participants | Low |
Monitoring ovarian stimulation by transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) only vs monitoring with TVUS plus serum estradiol Cycle cancellation rate per woman · Women undergoing ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins in IVF and ICSI procedures Monitoring of stimulated cycles in assisted reproduction (IVF and ICSI) (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.57 [0.07, 4.39] | 2 studies · 115 participants | Low |
Gonadotropins vs anti‐oestrogens Live birth rate per couple ‐ all types of infertility · intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with infertility Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.37 [1.05, 1.79] | 5 studies · 1924 participants | Moderate |
Aromatase inhibitors vs anti‐oestrogens Miscarriage rate per couple · intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with infertility Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.91 [0.47, 1.77] | 3 studies · 967 participants | Low |
Aromatase inhibitors vs anti‐oestrogens OHSS rate per couple · intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with infertility Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 813 participants | Moderate |
Aromatase inhibitors vs anti‐oestrogens Ectopic pregnancy rate per couple · intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with infertility Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.29, 3.5] | 2 studies · 813 participants | Low |
Gonadotropins with GnRH agonists vs gonadotropins alone Multiple pregnancy rate per couple · intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with infertility Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility (2021) · Cochrane | OR 2.53 [0.82, 7.86] | 2 studies · 264 participants | Very low |
Gonadotropins with GnRH agonists vs gonadotropins alone Clinical pregnancy rate per couple · intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with infertility Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.55 [0.32, 0.95] | 3 studies · 355 participants | Very low |
Gonadotropins with GnRH agonists vs gonadotropins alone Miscarriage rate per couple · intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with infertility Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility (2021) · Cochrane | OR 2.07 [0.18, 24.15] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Gonadotropins with GnRH agonists vs gonadotropins alone OHSS rate per couple · intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with infertility Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.8 [0.39, 8.32] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Gonadotropins with GnRH antagonist vs gonadotropins alone Live birth rate per couple · intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with infertility Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.5 [0.52, 4.39] | 3 studies · 419 participants | Very low |
Gonadotropins with GnRH antagonist vs gonadotropins alone Multiple pregnancy rate per couple · intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with infertility Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.3 [0.74, 2.28] | 10 studies · 2095 participants | Moderate |
Gonadotropins with GnRH antagonist vs gonadotropins alone Clinical pregnancy rate per couple · intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with infertility Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.35 [1, 1.84] | 14 studies · 2525 participants | Low |
Gonadotropins vs anti‐oestrogens Multiple pregnancy rate per couple · intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with infertility Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.58 [0.6, 4.17] | 7 studies · 2139 participants | Low |