Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care
current versionsNo studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Medication reconciliation vs no medication reconciliation Discrepancy resolution ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 7.48 [5.62, 9.95] | 1 study · 564 participants | Moderate |
Medication reconciliation: pharmacist vs other professionals Medication errors ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.21 [0.09, 0.48] | 8 studies · 2648 participants | Low |
Medication reconciliation: pharmacist vs other professionals ADEs ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.34 [0.73, 2.44] | 3 studies · 2873 participants | Low |
Medication reconciliation: pharmacist vs other professionals Mortality during hospitalisation ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.57, 1.73] | 2 studies · 1000 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Utilisation of healthcare services – breast cancer screening · adultswith private health insurance cover Government regulation of private health insurance (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1260219 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Utilisation of healthcare services – colorectal cancer screening · adultswith private health insurance cover Government regulation of private health insurance (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1183010 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Utilisation of healthcare services – cervical cancer screening · adultswith private health insurance cover Government regulation of private health insurance (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 842911 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Utilisation of healthcare services – prostate cancer screening · adultswith private health insurance cover Government regulation of private health insurance (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13314 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Quality of health care provided · adultswith private health insurance cover Government regulation of private health insurance (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Cost of health care provided · adultswith private health insurance cover Government regulation of private health insurance (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 91583 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Patient outcomes · adultswith private health insurance cover Government regulation of private health insurance (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse effects · adultswith private health insurance cover Government regulation of private health insurance (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PROM feedback vs usual care Quality of life · ambulatory adult patients. Routine provision of feedback from patient‐reported outcome measurements to healthcare providers and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2687 participants | Moderate |
PROM feedback vs usual care General health perceptions · ambulatory adult patients. Routine provision of feedback from patient‐reported outcome measurements to healthcare providers and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 552 participants | Low |
PROM feedback vs usual care Functioning · ambulatory adult patients. Routine provision of feedback from patient‐reported outcome measurements to healthcare providers and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PROM feedback vs usual care Symptoms · ambulatory adult patients. Routine provision of feedback from patient‐reported outcome measurements to healthcare providers and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PROM feedback vs usual care Patient‐physician communication · ambulatory adult patients. Routine provision of feedback from patient‐reported outcome measurements to healthcare providers and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 658 participants | Moderate |
PROM feedback vs usual care Diagnosis and notation · ambulatory adult patients. Routine provision of feedback from patient‐reported outcome measurements to healthcare providers and… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.73 [1.44, 2.08] | 7223 participants | Moderate |
PROM feedback vs usual care Disease control · ambulatory adult patients. Routine provision of feedback from patient‐reported outcome measurements to healthcare providers and… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [1.1, 1.41] | 2806 participants | Moderate |
PROM feedback vs usual care Adverse effects · ambulatory adult patients. Routine provision of feedback from patient‐reported outcome measurements to healthcare providers and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods Quantity of service provision (dichotomous) ‐ child immunisation status up‐to‐date · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [1.19, 1.36] | 2 studies · 3760 participants | Moderate |
Fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs existing payment methods Quantity of service provision ‐ number of outpatients visits, specialist visits, or hospitalisations · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 3 participants | Very low |
Fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs existing payment methods Quality of service provision · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs existing payment methods Patient outcomes ‐ people with mental illness · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Very low |
Fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs existing payment methods Healthcare provider outcomes (such as work morale or workload) · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs existing payment methods Costs · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Very low |
Fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs existing payment methods Unintended or adverse effects · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Low |
Fee‐for‐service (FFS) mixed with existing payment methods vs existing payment method Quantity of service provision ‐ proportion of women/children receiving treatment · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2 participants | Low |
Fee‐for‐service (FFS) mixed with existing payment methods vs existing payment method Quality of service provision · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Very low |
Fee‐for‐service (FFS) mixed with existing payment methods vs existing payment method Patient outcomes ‐ satisfaction with care · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Very low |
Fee‐for‐service (FFS) mixed with existing payment methods vs existing payment method Healthcare provider outcomes ‐ working hours and income · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Very low |
Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods Quantity of service provision (continuous) ‐ immunisation rates for patients aged 65 years or older · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.34 | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Fee‐for‐service (FFS) mixed with existing payment methods vs existing payment method Costs · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fee‐for‐service (FFS) mixed with existing payment methods vs existing payment method Unintended or adverse effects · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Enhanced fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs FFS Quantity of service provision ‐ child immunisation status up‐to‐date · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [1.06, 1.48] | 2 studies · 2 participants | Moderate |
Enhanced fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs FFS Quantity of service provision ‐ primary healthcare visits by children · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Very low |
Enhanced fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs FFS Quality of service provision · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Enhanced fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs FFS Patient outcomes · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Enhanced fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs FFS Healthcare provider outcomes (such as work morale or workload) · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Enhanced fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs FFS Costs · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Very low |
Enhanced fee‐for‐service (FFS) vs FFS Unintended or adverse effects · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods Quantity of service provision (continuous) ‐ number of detailed disease‐related consultation services per 100 prescriptions · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | MD 1.24 [0.93, 1.54] | 1 study · 200 participants | Low |
Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods Quality of service provision ‐ physician prescribing practices · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [1.02, 1.12] | 1 study · 362 participants | Low |
Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods Patient outcomes ‐ reduction in blood pressure · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.07 | 1 study · 181 participants | Very low |
Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods Quality of service provision and patient outcomes ‐ blood pressure management · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [1.04, 1.23] | 1 study · 362 participants | Low |
Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods Healthcare provider outcomes (such as work morale or workload) · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods Costs · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Very low |
Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods Unintended or adverse effects · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.71, 0.82] | 1 study · 362 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services Any iCCM illness · children U5 Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.77, 1.19] | 5898 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: integrated community case management vs usual facility services plus CCM Mortality · children U5 Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | Ungraded |