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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

731 questions in 61 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol

current versions

No studies 57 · 7.8%Ungraded 39 · 5.3%Very low 186 · 25.4%Low 239 · 32.7%Moderate 171 · 23.4%High 39 · 5.3%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs placebo Participants with severe withdrawal · People undergoing managed opioid withdrawal Alpha₂‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.32 [0.18, 0.57]	3 studies · 148 participants	Moderate
Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs placebo Completion of treatment · People undergoing managed opioid withdrawal Alpha₂‐adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.95 [1.34, 2.84]	3 studies · 148 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Cannabis use frequency at short‐term · adults with cannabis use disorder or frequent cannabis use Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder (2016) · Cochrane	MD 5.67 [3.08, 8.26]	6 studies · 1144 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Point‐prevalence abstinence rates at short‐term · adults with cannabis use disorder or frequent cannabis use Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder (2016) · Cochrane	RR 2.55 [1.34, 4.83]	6 studies · 1166 participants	Low
Intervention NR Cannabis use quantity per day at short‐term · adults with cannabis use disorder or frequent cannabis use Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder (2016) · Cochrane	SMD 3.55 [2.51, 4.59]	8 studies · 1600 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Symptoms of dependence at short‐term · adults with cannabis use disorder or frequent cannabis use Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder (2016) · Cochrane	SMD 4.15 [1.67, 6.63]	4 studies · 889 participants	Low
Intervention NR Cannabis‐related problems at short‐term · adults with cannabis use disorder or frequent cannabis use Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder (2016) · Cochrane	SMD 3.34 [1.26, 5.42]	6 studies · 2202 participants	Low
Intervention NR Retention in treatment · adults with cannabis use disorder or frequent cannabis use Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 1424 participants	Moderate
Any antipsychotic vs placebo Dropouts Number of participants who dropped out from the study · people with cocaine dependence Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.75 [0.57, 0.97]	8 studies · 397 participants	Moderate
Any antipsychotic vs placebo Side effects Number of participants with at least i side effect · people with cocaine dependence Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.93, 1.1]	6 studies · 291 participants	Low
Any antipsychotic vs placebo Number of participants using cocaine during the treatment (as days/week by urine tests or self report) Number of participants that reported the use of cocaine during the treatment · people with cocaine dependence Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.65, 1.62]	2 studies · 91 participants	Low
Any antipsychotic vs placebo Continuous abstinence (number of participants who maintained negative drug screens for 2 ‐ 3 weeks) Number of participants that maintained negative cocaine screens for at least 2 ‐ 3 weeks · people with cocaine dependence Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.3 [0.73, 2.32]	3 studies · 139 participants	Low
Any antipsychotic vs placebo Craving (Brief Substance Craving Scale) Brief Substance Craving Scale. Scale from: 0 to 4. · people with cocaine dependence Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 240 participants	Low
Intervention NR Quantity of alcohol consumed · young adults aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	33 studies · 7971 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Frequency of alcohol consumption · young people aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	24 studies · 3296 participants	Low
Intervention NR Binge drinking · young people aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	25 studies · 4090 participants	Low
Intervention NR Alcohol problems · young people aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	34 studies · 5109 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Average BAC · young people aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 1096 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Peak BAC · young people aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	14 studies · 2408 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Drink‐driving · young people aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 895 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Risky behaviour · young people aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 745 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Frequency of alcohol consumption · young adults aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	17 studies · 4377 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Binge drinking · young adults aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	21 studies · 5479 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Alcohol problems · young adults aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	25 studies · 6868 participants	Low
Intervention NR Average BAC · young adults aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 901 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Peak BAC · young adults aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	13 studies · 2790 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Drink‐driving · young adults aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 1205 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Risky behaviour · young adults aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	7 studies · 1579 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Quantity of alcohol consumed · young people aged up to 25 years Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	39 studies · 5600 participants	Low
Intervention NR Cocaine use assessed by the mean (SD) proportion of cocaine‐free urinalysis across the study per participant · people with cocaine dependence Psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 526 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Sustained cocaine abstinence · people with cocaine dependence Psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.36 [1.05, 1.77]	14 studies · 1549 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Number of participants who finished the study · people with cocaine dependence Psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.93, 1.06]	24 studies · 2205 participants	Moderate
Brief intervention vs information provision Alcohol frequency Self report questionnaires Medium‐term · Substance‐using adolescents Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 434 participants	Moderate
Brief intervention vs assessment only Secondary outcomes related to substance use Self report questionnaires Medium‐term · Substance‐using adolescents Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 242 participants	Low
Brief intervention vs information provision Alcohol quantity Self report questionnaires Medium‐term · Substance‐using adolescents Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 434 participants	Moderate
Brief intervention vs information provision Cannabis dependence Self report questionnaires Short‐term · Substance‐using adolescents Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 470 participants	Moderate
Brief intervention vs information provision Cannabis frequency Self report questionnaires Short‐term · Substance‐using adolescents Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 470 participants	Moderate
Brief intervention vs information provision Secondary outcomes related to substance use Self report questionnaires Short‐term · Substance‐using adolescents Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 470 participants	Moderate
Brief intervention vs assessment only Alcohol frequency Self report questionnaires Medium‐term · Substance‐using adolescents Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 242 participants	Low
Brief intervention vs assessment only Alcohol quantity Self report questionnaires Medium‐term · Substance‐using adolescents Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 179 participants	Low
Brief intervention vs assessment only Cannabis dependence Self report questionnaires Medium‐term · Substance‐using adolescents Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 190 participants	Low
Brief intervention vs assessment only Cannabis frequency Self report questionnaires Long‐term · Substance‐using adolescents Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 338 participants	Low
Any dopamine agonist vs placebo Dropouts · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.04 [0.94, 1.14]	20 studies · 1656 participants	Moderate
Amantidine vs antidepressants Dropouts · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.86 [0.48, 1.53]	4 studies · 153 participants	Moderate
Amantidine vs antidepressants Adverse events as N of participants with at least one adverse event · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.56 [0.18, 1.77]	2 studies · 44 participants	Low
Amantidine vs antidepressants Abstinence (objective) N of subjects abstinent at the end of the study · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.25 [0.12, 0.53]	2 studies · 68 participants	Low
Any dopamine agonist vs placebo Adverse events as N of participants with at least one adverse event · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.27 [0.66, 2.44]	7 studies · 252 participants	Moderate
Any dopamine agonist vs placebo Abstinence (objective) Participants abstinent at the end of treatment (N) · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.12 [0.85, 1.47]	11 studies · 731 participants	Low
Any dopamine agonist vs placebo Abstinence at · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.1 [0.61, 1.98]	4 studies · 136 participants	Low
Any dopamine agonist vs placebo Severity of dependence (difference before and after) · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 202 participants	Low