Vitamin D supplementation probably leads to lower pre‐eclampsia compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Vitamin D + calcium supplementation may leads to higher preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether vitamin D + calcium supplementation changes low birthweight (less than 2500 g) compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).
Vitamin D supplementation probably leads to lower gestational diabetes compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).
Vitamin D supplementation may leads to lower maternal adverse events: severe postpartum haemorrhage compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether vitamin D supplementation changes maternal adverse event: nephritic syndrome compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).
Vitamin D supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
Vitamin D supplementation probably leads to lower low birthweight (less than 2500 g) compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).
Vitamin D + calcium supplementation probably leads to lower pre‐eclampsia compared with placebo or no intervention (moderate certainty).
It is very uncertain whether vitamin D + calcium supplementation changes gestational diabetes compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).
Balanced protein and energy supplementation showed no clear difference in neonatal death compared with control or no intervention (low certainty).
Balanced protein and energy supplementation probably leads to lower small‐for‐gestational age compared with control or no intervention (moderate certainty).
Balanced protein and energy supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with control or no intervention (moderate certainty).
Balanced protein and energy supplementation probably leads to lower stillbirth compared with control or no intervention (moderate certainty).
Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).