What do systematic reviews say?

Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention

• Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention

• Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D changes failure of sustained virological response compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.42, 1.01]
  7 studies · 630 participants
  Very low

Training to respond to intimate partner violence vs no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and readiness to manage IPV, referrals

• Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 641 participants
  Low

Training to respond to intimate partner violence vs no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and readiness to manage IPV, referrals

• Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 487 participants
  Very low

Training to respond to intimate partner violence vs no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and readiness to manage IPV, referrals

• Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 239 participants
  Very low

Training to respond to intimate partner violence vs no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and readiness to manage IPV, referrals

• Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 49 participants
  GRADE not reported

Training to respond to intimate partner violence vs no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and readiness to manage IPV, referrals

It is very uncertain whether training to respond to intimate partner violence changes provider response to IPV: safety planning, counselling and… compared with no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers'… (very low certainty).

• Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.07 [0.96, 9.77]
  1 study · 29 participants
  Very low

Training to respond to intimate partner violence vs no intervention, wait‐list or placebo on healthcare providers' attitudes towards, knowledge of and readiness to manage IPV, referrals

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

NSAIDs vs no intervention

• Perioperative systemic nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in women undergoing breast surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Microinvasive interventions in the management of proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth- systematic… 2025 All outcomes

  Resin infiltration 1.3% vs standard of care 7.8% (Paris 2020, Kaplan-Meier)
  no estimate extracted
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Glass ionomer (modified glass ionomer varnish) vs Non-invasive measures (standard of care)

In one trial, glass ionomer varnish showed no statistically significant difference versus non-invasive care in radiographic proximal caries progression (OR 0.58, CI includes 1; ungraded subgroup).

• Microinvasive interventions in the management of proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth- systematic… 2025 All outcomes

  1 year · Multiple countries (Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, USA, Turkey, Switzerland, Germany, New Zealand, Chile, Thailand); dental clinic/community settings · Glass ionomer vs non-invasive (Fig. 5, subgroup 2.1.3)
  OR 0.58 [0.28, 1.20]
  1 study · 53 participants
  GRADE not reported

Microinvasive techniques (resin infiltration, resin/GIC sealant, or glass ionomer varnish) vs Non-invasive measures (fluoride varnish/toothpaste, flossing, oral hygiene instruction, sham/standard of care)

Only three trials reported secondary/adverse outcomes; no adverse events were attributed to microinvasive treatment and periodontal findings were mixed and not pooled (ungraded).

• Microinvasive interventions in the management of proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth- systematic… 2025 All outcomes

  Baseline and follow-up · Multiple countries (Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, USA, Turkey, Switzerland, Germany, New Zealand, Chile, Thailand); dental clinic/community settings
  Reported narratively by 3 trials (Arthur 2018, Sarti 2020, Jorge 2019). No adverse events were attributed to microinvasive treatment. Gingival bleeding index: no significant difference in Arthur 2018 and Jorge 2019 but…
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

Resin infiltration vs Non-invasive measures (fluoride varnish/toothpaste, flossing, oral hygiene instruction, sham/standard of care)

Pooling 10 trials, resin infiltration reduced radiographic proximal caries progression versus non-invasive measures (OR 0.23); this subgroup was not separately GRADE-rated.

• Microinvasive interventions in the management of proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth- systematic… 2025 All outcomes

  Final follow-up (1 to 7 years across trials) · Multiple countries (Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, USA, Turkey, Switzerland, Germany, New Zealand, Chile, Thailand); dental clinic/community settings · Resin infiltration vs non-invasive (Fig. 5, subgroup 2.1.1)
  OR 0.23 [0.15, 0.35]
  10 studies · 459 participants
  GRADE not reported

Microinvasive techniques (resin infiltration, resin/GIC sealant, or glass ionomer varnish) vs Conventional restoration

No eligible studies compared microinvasive techniques with invasive (restorative) treatment; this planned comparison had zero included studies.

• Microinvasive interventions in the management of proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth- systematic… 2025 All outcomes

  Multiple countries (Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, USA, Turkey, Switzerland, Germany, New Zealand, Chile, Thailand); dental clinic/community settings
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Microinvasive techniques (resin infiltration or glass ionomer varnish) vs Non-invasive measures (fluoride varnish/toothpaste, flossing, oral hygiene instruction, sham/standard of care)

In primary teeth (5 trials), microinvasive techniques reduced radiographic proximal caries progression versus non-invasive measures (OR 0.38; ungraded subgroup).

• Microinvasive interventions in the management of proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth- systematic… 2025 All outcomes

  Final follow-up (1 to 2 years across trials) · Multiple countries (Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, USA, Turkey, Switzerland, Germany, New Zealand, Chile, Thailand); dental clinic/community settings · Primary teeth (Fig. 6, subgroup 2.1.2)
  OR 0.38 [0.25, 0.57]
  5 studies · 266 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Microinvasive interventions in the management of proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth- systematic… 2025 All outcomes

  Caries depth: lesions up to DEJ (favored microinvasive; narrative, no numeric estimate)
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Microinvasive interventions in the management of proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth- systematic… 2025 All outcomes

  Caries depth: lesions extending beyond DEJ (favored microinvasive; narrative, no numeric estimate)
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Microinvasive techniques (mostly resin infiltration; incl. resin sealant) vs Non-invasive measures (fluoride varnish/toothpaste, flossing, oral hygiene instruction, sham/standard of care)

In permanent teeth (7 trials), microinvasive techniques reduced radiographic proximal caries progression versus non-invasive measures (OR 0.18; ungraded subgroup).

• Microinvasive interventions in the management of proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth- systematic… 2025 All outcomes

  Final follow-up (1 to 7 years across trials) · Multiple countries (Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, USA, Turkey, Switzerland, Germany, New Zealand, Chile, Thailand); dental clinic/community settings · Permanent teeth (Fig. 6, subgroup 2.1.1)
  OR 0.18 [0.10, 0.32]
  7 studies · 296 participants
  GRADE not reported

Microinvasive techniques (resin infiltration, resin/GIC sealant, or glass ionomer varnish) vs Non-invasive measures (fluoride varnish/toothpaste, flossing, oral hygiene instruction, sham/standard of care)

Microinvasive techniques probably reduce radiographic progression of non-cavitated proximal caries lesions compared with non-invasive measures (moderate certainty).

• Microinvasive interventions in the management of proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth- systematic… 2025 All outcomes

  Final follow-up (1 to 7 years across trials) · Multiple countries (Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, USA, Turkey, Switzerland, Germany, New Zealand, Chile, Thailand); dental clinic/community settings · Overall (all microinvasive vs non-invasive pooled)
  OR 0.27 [0.19, 0.38]
  13 studies · 623 participants
  Moderate