Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,535 questions · 3,601 findings · 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 726 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%

Early amniocentesis vs transabdominal chorionic villus sampling

Miscarriage · prenatal diagnosis

Early amniocentesis probably leads to higher spontaneous miscarriage compared with transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.73 [1.15, 2.6]
4 studies · 5491 participants
Moderate

Early amniocentesis vs transabdominal chorionic villus sampling

Sampling failure · prenatal diagnosis

Early amniocentesis showed no clear difference in sampling failure compared with transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.58 [0.24, 1.38]
4 studies · 5566 participants
Low

Early amniocentesis vs transabdominal chorionic villus sampling

Laboratory failure · prenatal diagnosis

Early amniocentesis showed no clear difference in laboratory failure compared with transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.74 [0.34, 1.63]
4 studies · 5566 participants
Low

Early amniocentesis vs transabdominal chorionic villus sampling

Known false negative after birth · prenatal diagnosis

1 finding from 1 review

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 555 participants
Low

Early amniocentesis vs transabdominal chorionic villus sampling

Delivery before 33 weeks · prenatal diagnosis

Early amniocentesis showed no clear difference in delivery before 33 weeks compared with transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.09, 2.73]
1 study · 1121 participants
Low

Early amniocentesis vs transabdominal chorionic villus sampling

Anomalies (all recorded) · prenatal diagnosis

It is very uncertain whether early amniocentesis changes anomalies (all recorded) compared with transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.14 [0.57, 2.3]
4 studies · 5305 participants
Very low

Second trimester amniocentesis vs control

Laboratory failure · prenatal diagnosis

Second trimester amniocentesis leads to higher laboratory failure compared with control (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 27.02 [1.61, 454.31]
1 study · 4606 participants
High

Second trimester amniocentesis vs control

Known false negative after birth · prenatal diagnosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Second trimester amniocentesis vs control

Delivery before 33 weeks · prenatal diagnosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Second trimester amniocentesis vs control

Anomalies (all recorded) · prenatal diagnosis

Second trimester amniocentesis showed no clear difference in anomalies (all recorded) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.62, 1.39]
1 study · 4507 participants
Moderate

Early vs second trimester amniocentesis

All known pregnancy loss (including termination of pregnancy) · prenatal diagnosis

Early leads to higher all known pregnancy loss (including termination of pregnancy) compared with second trimester amniocentesis (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.29 [1.03, 1.61]
1 study · 4334 participants
High

Early vs second trimester amniocentesis

Miscarriage · prenatal diagnosis

Early showed no clear difference in spontaneous miscarriage compared with second trimester amniocentesis (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.41 [1, 1.98]
1 study · 4334 participants
Moderate

Continuous support vs usual care

Spontaneous vaginal birth · women during childbirth

Continuous support may leads to higher spontaneous vaginal birth compared with usual care (all trials) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous support for women during childbirth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.08 [1.04, 1.12]
21 studies · 14369 participants
Low

Continuous support vs usual care

Negative rating of/negative feelings about birth experience · women during childbirth

Continuous support may leads to lower negative rating of/negative feelings about birth experience compared with usual care (all trials) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous support for women during childbirth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.59, 0.79]
11 studies · 11133 participants
Low

Continuous support vs usual care

Postnatal depression · women during childbirth

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous support for women during childbirth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 5716 participants
Low

Continuous support vs usual care

Neonatal admission to special care · women during childbirth

Continuous support showed no clear difference in admission to special care nursery compared with usual care (all trials) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous support for women during childbirth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.76, 1.25]
7 studies · 8897 participants
Low

Continuous support vs usual care

Exclusive or any breastfeeding at any time point, as defined by trial authors · women during childbirth

Continuous support showed no clear difference in exclusive or any breastfeeding at any time point, as defined by… compared with usual care (all trials) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous support for women during childbirth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.05 [0.96, 1.16]
4 studies · 5584 participants
Low

Continuous support vs usual care

Length of labour (hours) · women during childbirth

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous support for women during childbirth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 5429 participants
Low

Continuous support vs usual care

Caesarean section · women during childbirth

Continuous support may leads to lower caesarean birth compared with usual care (all trials) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous support for women during childbirth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.75 [0.64, 0.88]
24 studies · 15347 participants
Low

Planned early birth vs expectant management

Neonatal sepsis/infection · preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM)

Planned early birth showed no clear difference in neonatal infection/sepsis compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.66, 1.3]
12 studies · 3628 participants
Moderate