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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Group C other: integrated treatment vs standard treatment Satisfaction with treatment: leaving the study early Endpoint data (events) · people in the prodromal stage of psychosis Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.25, 1.73] | 1 study · 79 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Tardive dyskinesia: Not improved to a clinically important extent · patients with antipsychotic‐induced TD Gamma‐aminobutyric acid agonists for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.74, 0.92] | 3 studies · 258 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Tardive dyskinesia: Deterioration of symptoms · patients with antipsychotic‐induced TD Gamma‐aminobutyric acid agonists for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.9 [0.7, 5.16] | 5 studies · 136 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · patients with antipsychotic‐induced TD Gamma‐aminobutyric acid agonists for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 4.54 | 9 studies · 284 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mental state: Deterioration · patients with antipsychotic‐induced TD Gamma‐aminobutyric acid agonists for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.65 [0.71, 9.86] | 6 studies · 121 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Acceptability of treatment: Leaving the study early · patients with antipsychotic‐induced TD Gamma‐aminobutyric acid agonists for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.47 [0.69, 3.15] | 6 studies · 218 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life measures · patients with antipsychotic‐induced TD Gamma‐aminobutyric acid agonists for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anticholinergic medication vs placebo Tardive dyskinesia: not improved to a clinically important extent · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Anticholinergic medication vs other treatments Adverse effect: any adverse effects · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.02, 7.32] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Anticholinergic medication vs other treatments Acceptability of the treatment: leaving the study early · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.02, 7.32] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Anticholinergic medication vs other treatments Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Withdrawal of anticholinergic medication vs continuing anticholinergic medication Tardive dyskinesia: not improved to a clinically important extent · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Withdrawal of anticholinergic medication vs continuing anticholinergic medication Tardive dyskinesia: deterioration of symptoms · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Withdrawal of anticholinergic medication vs continuing anticholinergic medication Mental state · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Withdrawal of anticholinergic medication vs continuing anticholinergic medication Adverse effects · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Withdrawal of anticholinergic medication vs continuing anticholinergic medication Acceptability of the treatment: leaving the study early · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.14 [0.11, 42.52] | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
Withdrawal of anticholinergic medication vs continuing anticholinergic medication Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Anticholinergic medication vs placebo Tardive dyskinesia: deterioration of symptoms · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Anticholinergic medication vs placebo Mental state · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Anticholinergic medication vs placebo Adverse effect: any adverse effects · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Anticholinergic medication vs placebo Acceptability of the treatment: leaving the study early · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Anticholinergic medication vs placebo Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Anticholinergic medication vs other treatments Tardive dyskinesia: Not improved to a clinically important extent · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 4.2 [1.4, 12.58] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Anticholinergic medication vs other treatments Tardive dyskinesia: deterioration of symptoms · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Anticholinergic medication vs other treatments Mental state · chronic schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Tardive dyskinesia: no clinically important improvement · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.6, 2.09] | 2 studies · 32 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines vs phenobarbital (as active placebo) Adverse effect: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs phenobarbital (as active placebo) Acceptability of the treatment (measured by participants leaving the study early) · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines vs phenobarbital (as active placebo) Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not measured · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Tardive dyskinesia: deterioration in symptoms · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [0.22, 9.82] | 2 studies · 30 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Adverse effect: any adverse event · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Adverse effect: no clinically significant extrapyramidal adverse effects · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Acceptability of the treatment (measured by participants leaving the study early) · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.73 [0.15, 48.04] | 3 studies · 56 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs phenobarbital (as active placebo) Tardive dyskinesia: no clinically important improvement · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.2, 0.96] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Benzodiazepines vs phenobarbital (as active placebo) Tardive dyskinesia: deterioration in symptoms ‐ not measured · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Benzodiazepines vs phenobarbital (as active placebo) Adverse events: any · psychiatric patients (mainly schizophrenia) with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.53 [0.97, 2.41] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Tardive dyskinesia ‐ not improved to a clinically important extent · people with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 37 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Tardive dyskinesia ‐ deterioration · people with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse effects ‐ any important adverse effects · people with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse effects ‐ important extrapyramidal adverse effects · people with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Mental state ‐ deterioration · people with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Acceptability of treatment ‐ leaving the study early · people with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks or personalised quality of life measures ‐ no clinically significant change · people with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Calcium channel blockers for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: No clinically important improvement · people with various psychiatric disorders (mainly schizophrenia) and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Cholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.65, 1.23] | 4 studies · 27 participants | Very low |
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Tardive dyskinesia: Deterioration · people with various psychiatric disorders (mainly schizophrenia) and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Cholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.55, 2.24] | 8 studies · 147 participants | Low |
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Mental state: Deterioration · people with various psychiatric disorders (mainly schizophrenia) and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Cholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.1, 2.61] | 5 studies · 77 participants | Very low |
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Any adverse events · people with various psychiatric disorders (mainly schizophrenia) and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Cholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.15, 2.14] | 4 studies · 106 participants | Very low |
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Acceptability of treatment: Leaving the study early · people with various psychiatric disorders (mainly schizophrenia) and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Cholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.56, 2.1] | 12 studies · 288 participants | Very low |
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS vs PLACEBO Social confidence, social inclusion, social networks, or personalised quality of life ‐ not reported · people with various psychiatric disorders (mainly schizophrenia) and antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia Cholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |