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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Severe exacerbations ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 815(1 RCT) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.17, 1.93] | 1 study · 815 participants | Low |
Intervention NR MD‐TRIPLE (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3063 participants) · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 3063 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HD‐TRIPLE (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 1916 participants) · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1916 participants | Low |
Intervention NR MD‐ICS/LABA · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Total studies: 5 RCTs Total Participants: 7391 · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 7391 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR HD‐ICS/LABA (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2817 participants) · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2817 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR MD‐TRIPLE (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2237 participants) · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2237 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR HD‐TRIPLE (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1088 participants) · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1088 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR MD‐ICS/LABA · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator… Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Outcome№ of participants(studies) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR ACQ responders at 6 months ‐ HD‐ICS/LABA vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 3700(3 RCTs) Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08] | 3 studies · 6 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care vs standard care (with or without placebo) All‐cause mortality · adults with a confirmed diagnosis of mild COVID‐19, of whom only 10% (219/2132) participants had received ≥ 1… Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.22, 1.67] | 3 studies · 2132 participants | Low |
Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care vs standard care (with or without placebo) Admission to hospital or death · adults with a confirmed diagnosis of mild COVID‐19, of whom only 10% (219/2132) participants had received ≥ 1… Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.51, 0.99] | 2 studies · 2025 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care vs standard care (with or without placebo) Symptom resolution: all initial symptoms resolved at day 14 · adults with a confirmed diagnosis of mild COVID‐19, of whom only 10% (219/2132) participants had received ≥ 1… Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [1.09, 1.3] | 2 studies · 1986 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care vs standard care (with or without placebo) Symptom resolution: duration to symptoms resolved · adults with a confirmed diagnosis of mild COVID‐19, of whom only 10% (219/2132) participants had received ≥ 1… Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 139 participants | Low |
Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care vs standard care (with or without placebo) Serious adverse events · adults with a confirmed diagnosis of mild COVID‐19, of whom only 10% (219/2132) participants had received ≥ 1… Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.09, 2.76] | 1 study · 1586 participants | Very low |
Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care vs standard care (with or without placebo) Adverse events · adults with a confirmed diagnosis of mild COVID‐19, of whom only 10% (219/2132) participants had received ≥ 1… Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.47, 1.31] | 1 study · 400 participants | Low |
Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care vs standard care (with or without placebo) Infections · adults with a confirmed diagnosis of mild COVID‐19, of whom only 10% (219/2132) participants had received ≥ 1… Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.3, 2.58] | 1 study · 400 participants | Low |
Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo Number of participants with moderate/severe acute exacerbations Duration of treatment: range 24 weeks to 26 weeks · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.53 [0.17, 1.63] | 2 studies · 1168 participants | Low |
Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo Change in FEV₁ (L) Duration of treatment: range 6 weeks to 26 weeks · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1333 participants | Moderate |
Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo Use of "rescue" medications and emergency action plans: B2 use puffs per day Duration of treatment: range 14 weeks to 24 weeks · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 239 participants | Moderate |
Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo Change in quality of life · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1595 participants | Low |
Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo Healthcare utilisation ‐ not measured · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment Change in arterial partial pressure of oxygen · stable COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 271 participants | Moderate |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation Change in arterial partial pressure of oxygen · post‐exacerbation COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 234 participants | Low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation Change in arterial partial pressure of oxygen · post‐exacerbation COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 170 participants | Low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation Change in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide · post‐exacerbation COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 241 participants | Moderate |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation Change in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide · post‐exacerbation COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 175 participants | High |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation Change in the health‐related quality of life · post‐exacerbation COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 219 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation Change in the health‐related quality of life · post‐exacerbation COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 164 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation Admission‐free survival · post‐exacerbation COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.71 [0.54, 0.94] | 2 studies · 317 participants | Low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation All‐cause mortality · post‐exacerbation COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.97 [0.74, 1.28] | 2 studies · 318 participants | Low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment Change in arterial partial pressure of oxygen · stable COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 171 participants | Low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment Change in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide · stable COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 475 participants | High |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment Change in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide · stable COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 232 participants | High |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment Change in 6‐minute walking distance · stable COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 330 participants | Low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment Change in 6‐minute walking distance · stable COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 134 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment Change in the health‐related quality of life · stable COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 259 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment Change in the health‐related quality of life · stable COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 200 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment All‐cause mortality · stable COPD Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.75 [0.58, 0.97] | 3 studies · 405 participants | Moderate |
Macrolides vs placebo Outcomesa · adults and children with chronic asthma Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Macrolides vs placebo Exacerbation requiring hospitalisation Weighted mean study duration: 45 weeks · adults and children with chronic asthma Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.47 [0.2, 1.12] | 2 studies · 529 participants | Moderate |
Macrolides vs placebo Severe exacerbations (requiring ED visits or systemic steroids, or both) Number of people having ≥ 1 exacerbations requiring an ED visit or systemic steroids, or both. Classification varied across studies. Weighted mean study duration: 35 weeks · adults and children with chronic asthma Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma (2021) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.65 [0.53, 0.8] | 4 studies · 640 participants | Moderate |
Macrolides vs placebo Asthma symptoms – symptom scales (various scales; lower score = better) Weighted mean study duration: 10 weeks · adults and children with chronic asthma Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 136 participants | Very low |
Macrolides vs placebo Asthma control (Asthma Control Questionnaire) Scored 0–6 (lower scores indicate improvement in asthma control) Weighted mean study duration: 34 weeks · adults and children with chronic asthma Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 773 participants | Low |
Macrolides vs placebo Asthma quality of life (AQLQ) Scored 1–7 (higher scores indicate improvement in quality of life) Weighted mean study duration: 35 weeks · adults and children with chronic asthma Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 802 participants | Very low |
Macrolides vs placebo Rescue medication (puffs/day) Weighted mean study duration: 17 weeks · adults and children with chronic asthma Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 314 participants | Low |
Macrolides vs placebo FEV1 (L) Weighted mean study duration: 28 weeks · adults and children with chronic asthma Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1046 participants | Low |
Macrolides vs placebo Serious adverse events (including mortality) Weighted mean study duration: 16 weeks · adults and children with chronic asthma Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.8 [0.49, 1.31] | 8 studies · 854 participants | Low |
Endothelin receptor antagonists vs placebo Change from baseline in 6MWD (m) mean duration of study 16.3 weeks · pulmonary arterial hypertension Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 2739 participants | Moderate |