Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,841 questions · 1,893 findings · 109 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 546 · 28.8%GRADE not reported 117 · 6.2%Very low 613 · 32.4%Low 473 · 25%Moderate 118 · 6.2%High 26 · 1.4%

Summary of findings for the main comparisons: Agonist pharmacological vs no intervention

Criminal activity continuous mean number of crime dayes · drug‐using offenders

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for drug‐using offenders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 51 participants
Low

Movement interventions vs control

Primary outcome · spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other adult‐acquired non‐progressive brain injury

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other non‐progressive brain… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Movement interventions vs control

Secondary outcomes · spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other adult‐acquired non‐progressive brain injury

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other non‐progressive brain… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Movement interventions vs control

Neglect outcomes: immediate effects · spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other adult‐acquired non‐progressive brain injury

It is very uncertain whether movement interventions changes neglect outcomes: immediate effects compared with any control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other non‐progressive brain… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
SMD 0.57
2 studies · 58 participants
Very low

Movement interventions vs control

Adverse events · spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other adult‐acquired non‐progressive brain injury

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other non‐progressive brain… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

Exacerbations: number of people experiencing moderate or severe exacerbations · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal… showed no clear difference in number of participants with moderate/severe acute exacerbations… compared with nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.53 [0.17, 1.63]
2 studies · 1168 participants
Low

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

Lung function: FEV1 mL (change from baseline) · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1333 participants
Moderate

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

Use of "rescue" medications and emergency action plans: B2 use puffs per day Duration of treatment: range 14 weeks to 24 weeks · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 239 participants
Moderate

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

Change in quality of life · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1595 participants
Low

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

Healthcare utilisation ‐ not measured · treatment for asthma in adults and children with asthma and GORD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Behavioral interventions vs usual care

Objective measures of sleep · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another location

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 145 participants
Low

Behavioral interventions vs usual care

Subjective sleep quality or quantity · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another location

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 232 participants
Very low

Behavioral interventions vs usual care

Participant or parent satisfaction · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another location

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 54 participants
Very low

Behavioral interventions vs usual care

Cost‐effectiveness · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another location

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Behavioral interventions vs usual care

Delirium incidence or delirium‐free days at hospital discharge · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another location

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Behavioral interventions vs usual care

Duration of mechanical ventilation · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another location

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Behavioral interventions vs usual care

Length of hospital stay · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another location

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Pharmacological interventions · Employees who smoke

The intervention leads to higher pharmacological interventions (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Workplace interventions for smoking cessation 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.98 [1.26, 3.11]
5 studies · 1092 participants
High

Summary of findings table ‐ Exercise plus usual pharmacological care vs another intervention (education, joint aids, or relaxation) plus usual pharmacological care

Fatigue · systemic lupus erythematosus

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise as adjunctive therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 119 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Exercise plus usual pharmacological care vs another intervention (education, joint aids, or relaxation) plus usual pharmacological care

Physical function · systemic lupus erythematosus

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise as adjunctive therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 182 participants
Low