Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,266 questions · 1,314 findings · 160 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 309 · 23.5%GRADE not reported 34 · 2.6%Very low 356 · 27.1%Low 393 · 29.9%Moderate 187 · 14.2%High 35 · 2.7%

Tonsillectomy vs tonsillotomy

Postoperative complications requiring medical intervention (with or without hospitalisation) · children with obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing

Tonsillectomy probably leads to higher postoperative complications requiring medical intervention (with or… compared with tonsillotomy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Advance care planning vs usual care

Completion of documentation by medical staff regarding discussions with participants about ACP processes (yes/no) · people with heart failure with or without their surrogate decision‐makers/carers

Advance care planning may leads to higher completion of documentation by medical staff regarding discussions… compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Minor adverse events** ‒short‐term (> 2 weeks but ≤ 3 months) Minor adverse events provided as the proportion of patients reporting any untoward medical occurrence after an epidural injection without hospitalisations. · lumbosacral radicular pain

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes minor adverse events** ‒short‐term (> 2 weeks but ≤ 3 months) Minor… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Major adverse events** ‒short‐term (> 2 weeks but ≤ 3 months) Major adverse events provided as the proportion of patients reporting any untoward medical occurrence after an epidural injection with hospitalizations. · lumbosacral radicular pain
1 finding from 1 review

Digital targeted client communication via mobile devices vs standard care or no intervention (parents of children aged under five years)

Service utilisation – attendance for necessary healthcare (attendance for vaccinations at 6–12 months, attendance at HIV medical appointments) · parents of children aged < 5 years

Digital targeted client communication via mobile devices may leads to higher service utilisation – attendance for necessary healthcare… compared with standard care or no intervention (parents of children aged under… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Digital targeted client communication via mobile devices vs non‐digital, targeted communication

Health service utilization ‐ attendance for: breast cancer screening, cervical screening, voluntary medical male circumcision, HPV or HBV vaccination · Adults (age over 24 years)

Digital targeted client communication via mobile devices showed no clear difference in health service utilization ‐ attendance for: breast cancer… compared with non‐digital, targeted communication (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral methotrexate and oral prednisone vs prednisone or placebo

Primary outcome: Global improvement of disease activity or damage assessed by a medical practitioner or by participants · children and adolescents with active morphea (linear scleroderma, generalised morphea and mixed subtype: linear and circumscribed).

Oral methotrexate and oral prednisone may leads to higher primary outcome: Global improvement of disease activity or damage… compared with placebo and oral prednisone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

NB‐UVB vs low‐dose UVA‐1 phototherapy (20 J/cm²)

Primary outcome: Global improvement of disease activity or damage assessed by a medical practitioner or by participants · children and adults with active morphea (circumscribed morphea, linear scleroderma (with trunk/limb variant and head variant), generalised…
1 finding from 1 review

NB‐UVB vs medium‐dose UVA‐1 phototherapy (50 J/cm²)

Primary outcome: Global improvement of disease activity or damage assessed by a medical practitioner or by participants · children and adults with active morphea (circumscribed morphea, linear scleroderma (with trunk/limb variant and head variant), generalised…
1 finding from 1 review

Erythromycin vs placebo

The proportion of participants with good or excellent rash improvement within 2 weeks, as rated by a medical practitioner · pityriasis rosea

Erythromycin showed no clear difference in the proportion of participants with good or excellent rash… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Azithromycin vs placebo or vitamins

The proportion of participants with good or excellent rash improvement within 2 weeks, as rated by a medical practitioner · pityriasis rosea

Azithromycin showed no clear difference in the proportion of participants with good or excellent rash… compared with placebo or vitamins (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acyclovir vs placebo, vitamins, or no treatment

The proportion of participants with good or excellent rash improvement within 2 weeks, as rated by a medical practitioner · pityriasis rosea

Acyclovir probably leads to higher the proportion of participants with good or excellent rash… compared with placebo, vitamins, or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acyclovir vs erythromycin

The proportion of participants with good or excellent rash improvement within 2 weeks, as rated by a medical practitioner · pityriasis rosea
1 finding from 1 review

Clarithromycin vs placebo

The proportion of participants with good or excellent rash improvement within 2 weeks, as rated by a medical practitioner · pityriasis rosea

Clarithromycin showed no clear difference in the proportion of participants with good or excellent rash… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug

Thiazolidinediones Diagnostic criteria: 2 trials applied the WHO 1999 criteria (FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or a 2‐hour glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L after a 75 g OGTT) (Jin 2009; Zeng 2013). No medical association recommended the cut‐off points applied in Maji ... · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes

Summary of findings table for metformin showed no clear difference in thiazolidinediones Diagnostic criteria: 2 trials applied the WHO… compared with diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review