Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

16 questions · 16 findings · 12 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 1 · 6.3%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 4 · 25%Low 6 · 37.5%Moderate 5 · 31.3%High 0 · 0%

Corticosteroids vs placebo

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care vs placebo or usual care

Serious adverse events · adults with a confirmed diagnosis of mild COVID‐19, of whom only 10% (219/2132) participants had received ≥ 1 vaccination

It is very uncertain whether inhaled corticosteroids plus standard care changes serious adverse events compared with standard care (with or without placebo) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.51 [0.09, 2.76]
1 study · 1586 participants
Very low

Increased vs stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids

Serious adverse events 48 weeks · adults and children with chronic asthma

It is very uncertain whether increased changes serious adverse events 48 weeks compared with stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Increased versus stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids for exacerbations of chronic asthma in adults and children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.69 [0.77, 3.71]
2 studies · 394 participants
Very low

Increased vs stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids

Non‐serious adverse events 43 weeks · adults and children with chronic asthma

It is very uncertain whether increased changes non‐serious adverse events 43 weeks compared with stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Increased versus stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids for exacerbations of chronic asthma in adults and children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.15 [0.68, 6.73]
2 studies · 142 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Serious adverse events · children with chronic asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta₂‐agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.54 [0.81, 2.94]
7 studies · 1343 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Serious adverse events · children with chronic asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta₂‐agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.75, 1.85]
16 studies · 4022 participants
Moderate

LABA/ICS vs LTRA + ICS

Serious adverse events · patients with chronic asthma

LABA + ICS showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with LTRA + ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long‐acting beta₂‐agonists versus anti‐leukotrienes for chronic asthma 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.33 [0.99, 1.79]
9 studies · 6288 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Serious adverse events 49 weeks · adults with asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in serious adverse events 49 weeks (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to combination long‐acting beta₂‐agonists and inhaled corticosteroids… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.6 [0.24, 1.47]
3 studies · 1197 participants
Low

Stopping LABA vs continuing use of LABA+ICS

Serious adverse events 17 weeks · adults with asthma well controlled on LABA and ICS

Stopping LABA showed no clear difference in serious adverse events 17 weeks compared with continuing use of LABA+ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stopping long‐acting beta₂‐agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma well controlled by LABA and inhaled corticosteroids 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.82 [0.28, 2.42]
5 studies · 1342 participants
Moderate

LAMA add‐on vs long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on

Serious adverse events 22 weeks · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on showed no clear difference in serious adverse events 22 weeks compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of long‐acting… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.84 [0.41, 1.73]
4 studies · 2012 participants
Low

LAMA add‐on vs ICS alone

All‐cause serious adverse events 24 weeks · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS

LAMA add‐on showed no clear difference in all‐cause serious adverse events 24 weeks compared with ICS alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS alone for… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.6 [0.23, 1.57]
5 studies · 2562 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Serious adverse events Duration of trials: 12 to 20 weeks · adults and adolescents with persistent asthma

The intervention probably leads to higher serious adverse events Duration of trials: 12 to 20 weeks (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of anti‐leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.44 [1.52, 3.92]
2 studies · 621 participants
Moderate

Intermittent 'as needed' ICS vs daily ICS

Patients with serious adverse health events (duration 12 to 52 weeks) · Children and adults with persistent asthma.

Intermittent 'as needed' ICS showed no clear difference in patients with serious adverse health events (duration 12 to 52 weeks) compared with daily ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.33, 2.03]
6 studies · 1055 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Adverse events－serious Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) versus Mometasone (MF) · patients with COPD

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events－serious Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) versus… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.03 [0.63, 1.67]
2 studies · 905 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Adverse events－serious Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) versus fluticasone (FP) · patients with COPD

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events－serious Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) versus… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.05 [0.82, 1.34]
7 studies · 5055 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Adverse events－serious events Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) versus budesonide (BD) · patients with COPD

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse events－serious events Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) versus… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.72, 1.21]
3 studies · 1469 participants
Very low