Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

449 questions · 459 findings · 247 reviews

No studies found 75 · 16.3%GRADE not reported 13 · 2.8%Very low 119 · 25.9%Low 139 · 30.3%Moderate 86 · 18.7%High 27 · 5.9%

Indacaterol vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

Serious adverse events Adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Indacaterol showed no clear difference in serious adverse events Adverse events compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methylphenidate vs placebo or no intervention

Proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse events · Children and adolescents with ADHD

It is very uncertain whether methylphenidate changes proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse events compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Rituximab vs placebo

Serious adverse events measured by clinical assessment over 12 months · relapsing multiple sclerosis

It is very uncertain whether rituximab as 'switching' changes serious adverse events measured by clinical assessment over 12 months compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Rituximab vs placebo

Serious adverse events measured by clinical assessment over 12 months · primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Rituximab as 'first choice' showed no clear difference in serious adverse events measured by clinical assessment over 28 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) vs placebo

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · people with Alzheimer's disease

Vitamin E (capsules 2000 IU/day in two divided doses) showed no clear difference in adverse events Number of participants reporting ≥ 1 serious adverse… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Corticosteroids vs placebo compared

Serious adverse events (dichotomous data) ‐ suspected or probable pneumonia · critically ill patients

Corticosteroids showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (dichotomous data) ‐ suspected or probable… compared with placebo compared (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Methylphenidate vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse events considered non‐serious (penicillin versus doxycycline) · Children and adolescents with ADHD

It is very uncertain whether methylphenidate changes proportion of participants with one or more adverse events… compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review