Perineal trauma · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Perineal trauma · women with gestational diabetes mellitus
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma requiring suturing · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
It is very uncertain whether massage changes perineal trauma requiring suturing compared with control (hands off or care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma requiring suturing · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma requiring suturing · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma requiring suturing · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
It is very uncertain whether warm compresses changes perineal trauma requiring suturing compared with control (hands off or no warm compress) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Lifestyle interventions showed no clear difference in perineal trauma/tear compared with control ‐ Maternal outcomes (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Severe perineal/vaginal trauma · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…
Selective may leads to lower severe perineal/vaginal trauma compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 11 to 33 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Severe perineal tears (3rd degree or higher, as defined by trialists) · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation
Labour induction showed no clear difference in perineal trauma (severe perineal tear) compared with expectant management (maternal outcomes) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma/tearing ‐ not measured · women with gestational diabetes mellitus
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Perineal trauma/tearing ‐ not measured · women with gestational diabetes mellitus
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Perineal trauma (anal sphincter injury) · pregnant women
It is very uncertain whether dietary advice interventions changes perineal trauma (anal sphincter injury) compared with standard care (maternal outcomes) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · women in labour
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in perineal trauma (third‐ or fourth‐degree tears) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
2nd degree tear · women in the second stage of labour without epidural anaesthesia
Any upright showed no clear difference in trauma to the birth canal that required suturing: second degree… compared with supine position (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review