Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

36 questions · 38 findings · 12 reviews · Back and Neck

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No studies found 1 · 2.6%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 14 · 36.8%Low 13 · 34.2%Moderate 10 · 26.3%High 0 · 0%

Back School vs short‐wave diathermy at the lowest intensity

Pain (short‐term) Pain index1. Scale from: 0 to 70. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 29 participants
Very low

Back School vs no treatment

Pain: short‐term · people with low back pain

It is very uncertain whether back School changes pain: short‐term compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 647 participants
Very low

Back School vs passive physiotherapy

Pain: short‐term · people with low back pain

It is very uncertain whether back School changes pain: short‐term compared with passive physiotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 1.96
3 studies · 290 participants
Very low

Back School vs exercise

Pain: short‐term · people with low back pain

It is very uncertain whether back School changes pain: short‐term compared with exercise (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 416 participants
Very low

Back School vs medical care

Pain: short‐term · people with low back pain

It is very uncertain whether back School changes pain: short‐term compared with medical care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 249 participants
Very low

TENS vs sham TENS

Pain (at short‐term · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days)

2 findings from 1 review

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Very low
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.57 [0.84, 2.92]
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Leg pain ‒short‐term · lumbosacral radicular pain

The intervention showed no clear difference in leg pain ‒short‐term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural corticosteroid injections for lumbosacral radicular pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 949 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Pain Intensity: short‐term · Patients with subacute/chronic mechanical neck pain

1 finding from 1 review

Massage for mechanical neck disorders 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 108 participants
Low

bed rest vs advice to stay active

Pain intensity various scales short‐term · Patients with acute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low‐back pain and sciatica 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 480 participants
Low

bed rest vs advice to stay active

Pain intensity various scales short‐term · patients with sciatica

1 finding from 1 review

Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low‐back pain and sciatica 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 346 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Pain Intensity ‐ short‐term · Patients with subacute/chronic mechanical neck pain

1 finding from 1 review

Massage for mechanical neck disorders 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 106 participants
Low

Manipulation (thoracic) vs inactive control

Chronic neck pain Short‐term · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain

Manipulation (thoracic) showed no clear difference in chronic neck pain Short‐term compared with inactive control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 111 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Pain VAS (0 to 100) Short‐term · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Motor control exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 872 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Pain VAS (0 to 100) Short‐term · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Motor control exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 291 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Pain VAS (0 to 100) Short‐term · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Motor control exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 68 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Pain VAS (0 to 100) Short‐term · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Motor control exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 282 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 330 participants
Moderate

Manipulation vs mobilisation

Acute and subacute neck pain Short‐term · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain

Manipulation showed no clear difference in acute and subacute neck pain Short‐term compared with mobilisation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 176 participants
Moderate

Manipulation (thoracic) vs inactive control

Acute and subacute neck pain Short‐term · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain

Manipulation (thoracic) showed no clear difference in acute and subacute neck pain Short‐term compared with inactive control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 242 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments + other treatments vs other treatments alone

Pain intensity various scales short‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 59 participants
Low
Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 405 participants
Moderate