What do systematic reviews say?

High vs standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula

It is very uncertain whether high changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula (very low certainty).

• High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.07, 15.78]
  1 study · 61 participants
  Very low

High vs standard volume of fortified human milk or preterm formula

It is very uncertain whether high changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with standard volume of fortified human milk or preterm formula (very low certainty).

• High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.74 [0.12, 4.51]
  2 studies · 283 participants
  Very low

Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.07 [0, 1.25]
  1 study · 49 participants
  Very low

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

It is very uncertain whether early (less than seven days following birth) higher changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.6 [0.23, 90.84]
  1 study · 46 participants
  Very low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in necrotising enterocolitis compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.51, 1.87]
  8 studies · 807 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to higher necrotising enterocolitis (high certainty).

• Effects of targeting lower versus higher arterial oxygen saturations on death or disability in preterm infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.24 [1.05, 1.47]
  5 studies · 4929 participants
  High