What do systematic reviews say?

Endothelin receptor antagonists vs placebo

Endothelin receptor antagonists showed no clear difference in mortality mean duration of study 30.2 weeks compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.78 [0.58, 1.07]
  12 studies · 2889 participants
  Low

Macrolide+tetracycline vs macrolides

It is very uncertain whether macrolide+tetracycline changes all‐cause mortality 60 weeks (end of study) compared with macrolide (very low certainty).

• Head‐to‐head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.63 [0.38, 7.02]
  1 study · 198 participants
  Very low

Titrated oxygen therapy vs high‐flow oxygen therapy

Titrated oxygen therapy may leads to lower mortality (respiratory‐ related and all‐cause compared with high‐flow oxygen therapy (low certainty).

• Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.22 [0.05, 0.97]
  1 study · 214 participants
  Low

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids showed no clear difference in mortality or cerebral palsy at latest reported age compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

• Early (< 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.91, 1.16]
  13 studies · 1973 participants
  High

Aspirin vs placebo

Aspirin showed no clear difference in total mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.97 [0.87, 1.08]
  3 studies · 35794 participants
  Low

General health checks vs usual care

General health checks showed no clear difference in total mortality compared with usual care (high certainty).

• General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.97, 1.03]
  11 studies · 233298 participants
  High

Prophylactic corticosteroids vs placebo or no corticosteroids

Prophylactic corticosteroids showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (during the index hospital admission, or within… compared with placebo or no corticosteroids (low certainty).

• Prophylactic corticosteroids for cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.75, 1.07]
  25 studies · 14940 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality ( (moderate certainty).

• Hospital at home for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.4, 1.04]
  7 studies · 845 participants
  Moderate

Continuous infusion vs forced (or pulse) infusion of thrombolytic agents

• Infusion techniques for peripheral arterial thrombolysis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 304 participants
  Very low

General health checks vs usual care

General health checks showed no clear difference in cancer mortality compared with usual care (high certainty).

• General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.92, 1.12]
  8 studies · 139290 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Remifentanil vs diazepam

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Perioperative pharmacological interventions for fetal immobilisation during fetal surgery and invasive procedures 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs same unfortified staple foods

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Staple foods fortified with vitamin A vs same unfortified staple foods

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Interventions targeting vehicular sources vs practice

• Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Interventions targeting residential sources vs practice

• Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Interventions targeting multiple sources vs practice

• Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Interventions targeting industrial sources vs practice

• Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Systematic screening vs no/opportunistic screening

Systematic screening showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with no/opportunistic screening (low certainty).

• Systematic versus opportunistic risk assessment for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.93, 1.03]
  3 studies · 103571 participants
  Low