Rate of caesarean section · Low risk pregnant women. All of the women were in labour.
Admission cardiotocography showed no clear difference in incidence of caesarean section compared with intermittent auscultation (low‐risk women) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring
Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in caesarean section ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section — not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Caesarean section — not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Caesarean section — not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Caesarean section · women in the second stage of labour without epidural anaesthesia
Any upright showed no clear difference in mode of birth: caesarean section compared with supine position (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · women in labour
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes mode of birth (caesarean section) compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · women in labour
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in mode of birth (caesarean section) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation)
Magnesium sulphate showed no clear difference in mode of birth (caesarean section)** compared with placebo (outcomes (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Caesarean section (all indications) · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes caesarean section (all indications) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
B3: Caesarean section – an all women · the woman
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids showed no clear difference in B3: Caesarean section – an all women compared with single course (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Caesarean section (all indications) Â · women with an abnormal CTG in labour
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes caesarean section (all indications) Â (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · pregnant women at increased risk of fetal complications
Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound probably leads to lower caesarean section (elective and emergency) compared with no Doppler ultrasound (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · Pregnant women in unselected or low‐risk populations.
All routine Doppler ultrasound showed no clear difference in caesarean section (elective and emergency) compared with no Doppler ultrasound (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Birth preferences: prefer caesarean section · women with fear of childbirth (tocophobia)
Non‐pharmacological interventions for fear of childbirth (tocophobia) showed no clear difference in birth preferences: prefer caesarean section compared with usual care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section report of mode of delivery · women in the third trimester of pregnancy
Test of placental function showed no clear difference in caesarean section report of mode of delivery compared with standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Operative birth (caesarean or instrumental vaginal) · women with singleton pregnancy in vertex position in second stage of labour
It is very uncertain whether fundal pressure by inflatable belt changes operative birth ‐ instrumental or caesarean section compared with no fundal pressure (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis · women in established labour and their babies.
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal… probably leads to higher caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis compared with routine Pinard (outcomes (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis · women in established labour and their babies.
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal… showed no clear difference in caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis compared with routine Pinard (outcomes (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis · women in established labour and their babies.
Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal… probably leads to higher caesarean section for fetal distress and/or fetal acidosis compared with routine Pinard (outcomes (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review