What do systematic reviews say?

Clinic‐based intervention vs usual care

Clinic‐based intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Disease management interventions for heart failure 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.87 [0.68, 1.1]
  7 studies · 1686 participants
  Low

Complete revascularisation vs culprit‐only revascularisation

It is very uncertain whether complete revascularisation changes long‐term all‐cause mortality (≥ 1 year after the intervention) compared with culprit‐only revascularisation (very low certainty).

• Complete versus culprit‐only revascularisation in ST elevation myocardial infarction with multi‐vessel disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.58, 1.11]
  8 studies · 2417 participants
  Very low

Complete revascularisation vs culprit‐only revascularisation

It is very uncertain whether complete revascularisation changes short‐term all‐cause mortality (within the first 30 days after the… compared with culprit‐only revascularisation (very low certainty).

• Complete versus culprit‐only revascularisation in ST elevation myocardial infarction with multi‐vessel disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.18, 2.37]
  2 studies · 696 participants
  Very low

Transradial vs transfemoral approach

Transradial leads to lower short‐term all‐cause mortality compared with transfemoral approach (high certainty).

• Transradial versus transfemoral approach for diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention in… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.77 [0.62, 0.95]
  10 studies · 18955 participants
  High

Lidocaine vs placebo or no intervention

Lidocaine showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

• Prophylactic lidocaine for myocardial infarction 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.85, 1.27]
  18 studies · 11727 participants
  Low

Exercise vs no exercise

Exercise showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality ( compared with no exercise at the end of the intervention (low certainty).

• Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for adult patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.96 [0.18, 21.26]
  1 study · 196 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (low certainty).

• Social network interventions to support cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention in the management of people… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.49, 1.13]
  6 studies · 3093 participants
  Low

Multidisciplinary disease management programmes vs usual care

Multidisciplinary disease management programmes probably leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Disease management interventions for heart failure 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.67 [0.54, 0.83]
  8 studies · 1764 participants
  Moderate

Case management vs usual care

Case management may leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Disease management interventions for heart failure 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.78 [0.68, 0.9]
  26 studies · 6903 participants
  Low

Carvedilol vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether carvedilol changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for treating heart failure in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.69 [0.12, 3.88]
  2 studies · 69 participants
  Very low

Rosuvastatin vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for treating heart failure in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 39 participants
  GRADE not reported

Amiodarone vs other antiarrhythmics

Amiodarone showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with other antiarrhythmics (low certainty).

• Amiodarone versus other pharmacological interventions for prevention of sudden cardiac death 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.75, 1.42]
  5 studies · 898 participants
  Low

Amiodarone vs beta‐blocker

It is very uncertain whether amiodarone changes all‐cause mortality compared with beta blockers (very low certainty).

• Amiodarone versus other pharmacological interventions for prevention of sudden cardiac death 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.7, 1.32]
  1 study · 189 participants
  Very low

Amiodarone vs sotalol

It is very uncertain whether amiodarone changes all‐cause mortality compared with sotalol (very low certainty).

• Amiodarone versus other pharmacological interventions for prevention of sudden cardiac death 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.41, 2.83]
  2 studies · 104 participants
  Very low

Amiodarone vs placebo or no treatment

Amiodarone showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Amiodarone versus other pharmacological interventions for prevention of sudden cardiac death 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.78, 1]
  17 studies · 8383 participants
  Low

Amiodarone vs beta‐blocker

Amiodarone may leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with beta blockers (low certainty).

• Amiodarone versus other pharmacological interventions for prevention of sudden cardiac death 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.27 [0.1, 0.75]
  2 studies · 342 participants
  Low

Amiodarone vs other antiarrhythmics

Amiodarone probably leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with other antiarrhythmics (moderate certainty).

• Amiodarone versus other pharmacological interventions for prevention of sudden cardiac death 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.37 [0.18, 0.76]
  3 studies · 540 participants
  Moderate

Amiodarone vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether amiodarone changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Amiodarone versus other pharmacological interventions for prevention of sudden cardiac death 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.05 [1.33, 7.01]
  2 studies · 440 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes all‐cause mortality [ (very low certainty).

• Tong‐xin‐luo capsule for patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.38 [0.06, 2.56]
  4 studies · 419 participants
  Very low

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality at maximum compared with placebo or no intervention (high certainty).

• Antibiotics for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.99, 1.13]
  20 studies · 25774 participants
  High