Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

135 questions · 135 findings · 47 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 31 · 23%GRADE not reported 7 · 5.2%Very low 53 · 39.3%Low 32 · 23.7%Moderate 11 · 8.1%High 1 · 0.7%

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Adverse events / complications ‐ Number of participants with complications · (mainly older) adults with most types of displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (10 trials)

Surgical showed no clear difference in adverse events / complications ‐ Number of participants with… compared with non‐surgical treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical portosystemic shunts vs devascularisation with splenectomy

Serious adverse events · people with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis

It is very uncertain whether surgical portosystemic shunts changes serious adverse events compared with devascularisation with splenectomy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

Participants with adverse events at 1 year · adults with acute acromioclavicular dislocation of the shouldera

It is very uncertain whether surgical intervention changes participants with adverse events at 1 year compared with conservative intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical thrombectomy vs different types of endovascular interventions

Major adverse events · thrombosed haemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas and grafts

It is very uncertain whether surgical thrombectomy changes major adverse events compared with different types of endovascular interventions (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical thrombectomy vs different types of endovascular interventions

Minor adverse events · thrombosed haemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas and grafts

It is very uncertain whether surgical thrombectomy changes minor adverse events compared with different types of endovascular interventions (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical interventions (exploration and decompression / external neurolysis, internal neurolysis, neurorrhaphy / direct repair, neuroma excision, anastomosis, autologous or allograft nerve grafting or tubulization) vs conservative interventions

Serious adverse events · Children and adolescents with femoral shaft fractures

Surgical interventions may leads to higher serious adverse events compared with conservative interventions (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review