Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

347 questions · 347 findings · 101 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 53 · 15.3%GRADE not reported 27 · 7.8%Very low 87 · 25.1%Low 114 · 32.9%Moderate 61 · 17.6%High 5 · 1.4%

Oral vs intramuscular vitamin B12

Adverse events

1 finding from 1 review

Oral vitamin B₁₂ versus intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 120 participants
Very low

Oral vs vaginal administration of oestradiol and dydrogesterone

Adverse events · women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) awaiting oocyte donation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Hormone therapy for uterine and endometrial development in women with premature ovarian insufficiency 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral vs IV antibiotics

Adverse events requiring discontinuation of antibiotics · people with cancer who have febrile neutropenia

Oral showed no clear difference in adverse events requiring discontinuation of antibiotics compared with intravenous antibiotic therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment for febrile neutropenia in cancer patients 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.45 [0.61, 3.46]
15 studies · 1823 participants
Low

Oral 5‐ASA vs SASP

Adverse events · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis

Oral 5‐ASA probably leads to lower adverse events compared with SASP (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.48 [0.36, 0.63]
12 studies · 909 participants
Moderate

Oral 5‐ASA vs 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine)

Adverse events · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis

Oral 5‐ASA showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with comparator 5‐ASA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.92, 1.12]
9 studies · 1576 participants
Moderate

Oral 5‐ASA vs placebo

Adverse events · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis

Oral 5‐ASA showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.85, 1.07]
8 studies · 1218 participants
High

Oral beta‐estradiol vs conjugated equine estrogens

Adverse events Oral beta‐estradiol 1.0 or 2.0 mg/day vs CEE 0.625 or 1.25 mg/day · women with hot flushes

1 finding from 1 review

Bioidentical hormones for women with vasomotor symptoms 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 103 participants
Very low

Oral tramadol vs oral morphine

Other adverse events · people with cancer pain

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol with or without paracetamol (acetaminophen) for cancer pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Dextrose gel vs oral (swallowed) glucose

Adverse events · adult patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral 5‐ASA vs SASP

Serious adverse events · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis

Oral 5‐ASA showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with SASP (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.36 [0.28, 6.52]
2 studies · 107 participants
Low

Oral 5‐ASA vs 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine)

Serious adverse events · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis

Oral 5‐ASA showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with comparator 5‐ASA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.59 [0.22, 1.56]
4 studies · 677 participants
Low

Oral 5‐ASA vs placebo

Serious adverse events · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis

Oral 5‐ASA showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.53 [0.18, 1.56]
4 studies · 746 participants
Low

Oral methotrexate vs oral chloroquine

Minor adverse events · patients with cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus

Oral methotrexate may leads to higher adverse events: minor compared with oral chloroquine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.9 [1.45, 10.51]
1 study · 41 participants
Low

Oral ciclosporin vs azathioprine (AZA)

Adverse events: severe · patients with cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus

Oral ciclosporin showed no clear difference in adverse events: severe compared with oral azathioprine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.48, 1.65]
1 study · 89 participants
Low

Summary of findings for resveratrol plus oral anti‐diabetic drugs vs placebo plus oral anti‐diabetic drugs

Adverse events

1 finding from 1 review

Resveratrol for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 50 participants
Very low

Oral methotrexate vs oral chloroquine

Adverse events: severe · patients with cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus

Oral methotrexate showed no clear difference in adverse events: severe compared with oral chloroquine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.73 [0.27, 11.07]
1 study · 41 participants
Low

Oral tramadol vs oral morphine

Serious adverse events (death) · people with cancer pain

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol with or without paracetamol (acetaminophen) for cancer pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 280 participants
Very low

Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid vs placebo

Adverse events · Patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis

Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.73, 1.18]
5 studies · 1132 participants
Moderate

Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral

Number of children with clinical adverse events (any) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures

Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) showed no clear difference in number of children with clinical adverse events (any) compared with melatonin oral (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.25, 3.93]
1 study · 348 participants
Low

Oral 5‐ASA vs SASP

Withdrawals due to adverse events · Patients with active mild to moderate ulcerative colitis

Oral 5‐ASA probably leads to lower withdrawal due to adverse events compared with SASP (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.4 [0.24, 0.68]
10 studies · 640 participants
Moderate