What do systematic reviews say?

CBT vs alternative treatment

• Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: 3 studies reported minor adverse events in the control group; 1 study reported minor adverse events in psychological therapy group; 1 study reported that there were no adverse events. Results: NCT00066937 minor…
  5 studies
  Very low

CBT vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Only 1 study reported adverse events as an outcome (Litt 2010): it found worsening symptoms in 13 people treated with an oral splint (as part of standard treatment) and 4 people treated with CBT.
  1 study · 101 participants
  Very low

Hypnosis vs relaxation

• Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Abrahamsen 2011: one participant who received hypnosis was admitted to a psychiatric hospital during the intervention; per study authors this was unrelated to the study treatment.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Relaxation vs Occlusal (oral) appliance

• Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Adolescents (12-19 years)
  Wahlund 2015: reported no adverse treatment effects from treatment with an occlusal appliance or with relaxation therapy.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Intravenous analgesia

• Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  2 out of 3 studies reported this outcome. Both studies reported no difference between groups (Rajamani 2007 and Simion 2008: no adverse events attributable to either technique; Delgado 2005 did not report).
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Placebo (sham/placebo device)

• Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  2 out of 3 studies reported this outcome. One study reported no differences between groups, and the other study reported more vomiting in the placebo group (Takmaz 2009: vomiting 40% placebo versus 10% intervention; P…
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Infiltration of the incision (peri-incisional infiltration)

• Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Of the 2 included studies, one study reported no difference between groups (Gaonkar 2004: no adverse events attributable to either technique), and the other study did not report this outcome.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Occlusal adjustment (OA) vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Occlusal adjustment for treating and preventing temporomandibular joint disorders 2003 · Cochrane All outcomes
  There were no reports of adverse reactions.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Chlorhexidine gel (0.2%, intrasocket) vs placebo or no treatment

• Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: median 7 days
  No adverse events were reported. Six trials (673 participants) reported no adverse events from the use of chlorhexidine gel; one study (Rubio-Palau 2015) reported gastrointestinal discomfort (30, 18%), dizziness (10,…
  7 studies
  GRADE not reported

Chlorhexidine gel (0.2%, intrasocket) vs Chlorhexidine mouthrinse

• Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: median 7 days
  No adverse events were reported in these two trials (Abu-Mostafa 2015; Hita-Iglesias 2008).
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Chlorhexidine rinse (0.12% and 0.2%, pre- and post-extraction) vs placebo or no treatment

• Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: median 7 days
  3 trials reported no adverse events. 1 study reported adverse events (alterations in taste, bad taste, staining) in 24/62 in chlorhexidine group versus 0/40 in placebo group, Peto OR = 8.42 (95% CI 3.31 to 21.39). A…
  6 studies
  GRADE not reported

Autologous platelet‐rich plasma vs placebo or no treatment

• Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: median 7 days
  No adverse events were reported in these two trials.
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Oral propranolol vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  1 week per period (cross-over)
  Tchivileva et al 2010: at least one treatment-emergent adverse event was reported by five participants (12.5%) during the propranolol period (nausea, diarrhoea, insomnia, dizziness, fatigue) and four participants (10%)…
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral diazepam vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  15 days
  Roldan et al 1990 (diazepam) reported adverse effects. Per the review's Adverse effects of interventions section: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects were…
  1 study · 41 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral diclofenac sodium (NSAID) vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  Ekberg et al 1996 (diclofenac) reported adverse effects. Per the review's Adverse effects of interventions section: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects…
  1 study · 32 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral cyclobenzaprine (muscle relaxant) vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  3 weeks
  Herman et al 2002 (cyclobenzaprine) reported adverse effects. Per the review's Adverse effects of interventions section: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse…
  1 study · 41 participants
  GRADE not reported

Naproxen vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 weeks
  Ta and Dionne 2004 (naproxen) reported adverse effects. Per the review: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects were mild and similar to the adverse effects…
  1 study · 68 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor) vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 weeks
  Ta and Dionne 2004 (celecoxib) reported adverse effects. Per the review: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects were mild and similar to the adverse effects…
  1 study · 68 participants
  GRADE not reported

Piroxicam vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  15 days
  Roldan et al 1990 (piroxicam) reported adverse effects. Per the review's Adverse effects of interventions section: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects…
  1 study · 41 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral prazepam (benzodiazepine) vs placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  8 days
  Rossi et al 1983 (prazepam) reported adverse effects. Per the review's Adverse effects of interventions section: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects were…
  1 study · 83 participants
  GRADE not reported