Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,228 questions · 1,245 findings · 383 reviews

No studies found 403 · 32.4%GRADE not reported 128 · 10.3%Very low 385 · 30.9%Low 232 · 18.6%Moderate 81 · 6.5%High 16 · 1.3%

Palliative care vs usual care

Adverse effects: at least one serious adverse event · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo Outcome: withdrawals due to…

Palliative care showed no clear difference in serious adverse events Assessed by: number of participants… compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Azithromycin vs placebo or vitamins

Minor participant‐reported adverse events not requiring withdrawal of the treatment: Mild abdominal pain. · pityriasis rosea

Azithromycin showed no clear difference in minor participant‐reported adverse events not requiring withdrawal… compared with placebo or vitamins (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fractional laser vs non‐fractional non‐ablative laser

Adverse events ‐ hyperpigmentation ( · people with acne scars

It is very uncertain whether fractional laser changes investigator‐assessed adverse events (short‐term) Hyperpigmentation… compared with non‐fractional non‐ablative laser (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs usual care with or without sham interventions

Adverse effects (central nervous system) · people with depression after stroke

Non‐invasive brain stimulation showed no clear difference in adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. confusion,… compared with sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

It is very uncertain whether combinations of conservative treatments changes number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events:… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Erythromycin vs placebo

Adverse events: minor gastrointestinal symptoms · pityriasis rosea

Erythromycin showed no clear difference in minor participant‐reported adverse events not requiring withdrawal… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitor vs IV cyclophosphamide

Adverse events: treatment failure (non response, serious infection, persistently elevated creatinine) at 6 months · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children

Calcineurin inhibitor probably leads to lower adverse events: treatment failure at 6 months (non response, serious… compared with IV cyclophosphamide (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs usual care with or without sham interventions

Adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. dysuria, neck pain, eye discomfort) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

Non‐invasive brain stimulation showed no clear difference in adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. dysuria,… compared with sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Microinvasive techniques (resin infiltration, resin/GIC sealant, or glass ionomer varnish) vs Non-invasive measures (fluoride varnish/toothpaste, flossing, oral hygiene instruction, sham/standard of care)

Adverse events and periodontal/secondary outcomes (gingival bleeding, gingival bleeding index, visible plaque index) · Children and adults with non-cavitated proximal (interproximal) caries lesions in primary and/or permanent teeth (ages 3-45)

Only three trials reported secondary/adverse outcomes; no adverse events were attributed to microinvasive treatment and periodontal findings were mixed and not pooled (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Doxycycline vs prednisolone

Number of participants with grade 3‐4 (severe or life‐threatening) treatment‐related adverse events at 1 year (raw data) · bullous pemphigoid

Doxycycline probably leads to lower number of participants with grade 3‐4 (severe or life‐threatening)… compared with prednisolone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery
1 finding from 1 review