Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

68 questions · 69 findings · 22 reviews

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No studies found 12 · 17.4%GRADE not reported 15 · 21.7%Very low 29 · 42%Low 12 · 17.4%Moderate 1 · 1.4%High 0 · 0%

Probiotics vs placebo

Adverse events · children up to age 18 years

Probiotic showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for preventing acute otitis media in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.54 [0.6, 3.94]
4 studies · 395 participants
Low

Prebiotic vs probiotic

Total adverse events · people in remission or with mildly activeulcerative colitis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Prebiotics for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs probiotic

Serious adverse events · people with active UC

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

Synbiotic vs placebo

Adverse events (any) · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders

It is very uncertain whether synbiotic changes adverse events (any) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for management of functional abdominal pain disorders in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.88 [0.32, 25.92]
3 studies · 189 participants
Very low

Probiotics vs placebo

Adverse events (any) · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders

It is very uncertain whether probiotic changes adverse events (any) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for management of functional abdominal pain disorders in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.07, 15.12]
7 studies · 489 participants
Very low

Antibiotics vs probiotic

Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with active UC

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

Synbiotic vs placebo

Serious adverse events · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for management of functional abdominal pain disorders in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 302 participants
Very low

Probiotics vs placebo

Serious adverse events · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for management of functional abdominal pain disorders in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 685 participants
Very low

Synbiotic vs placebo

Serious adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 155 participants
GRADE not reported

Synbiotics and paraffin vs paraffin

Serious adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 66 participants
GRADE not reported

Synbiotic vs paraffin

Serious adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 60 participants
GRADE not reported

Probiotics vs placebo

Serious adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 198 participants
GRADE not reported

Synbiotic vs prebiotic

Serious adverse events · adult patients after liver transplantation.

It is very uncertain whether synbiotics changes serious adverse events compared with prebiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.49 [0.42, 5.36]
2 studies · 129 participants
Very low

Synbiotic vs placebo

Serious adverse events · adult kidney transplant recipients

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Probiotic + 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine) vs 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine)

Serious adverse events · Patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Prebiotic vs probiotic

Withdrawals due to adverse events · people in remission or with mildly activeulcerative colitis

It is very uncertain whether prebiotics changes withdrawals due to adverse events (4 weeks) compared with probiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prebiotics for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.44, 2.26]
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Synbiotic vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders

It is very uncertain whether synbiotic changes withdrawals due to adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for management of functional abdominal pain disorders in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.58 [0.8, 26.19]
4 studies · 302 participants
Very low

Probiotics vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · children (4 to 18 years) with functional abdominal pain disorders

It is very uncertain whether probiotic changes withdrawals due to adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for management of functional abdominal pain disorders in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.07, 15.12]
8 studies · 544 participants
Very low

Synbiotic vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 155 participants
GRADE not reported

Synbiotics and paraffin vs paraffin

Withdrawals due to adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 66 participants
GRADE not reported