Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

31 questions · 31 findings · 12 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 5 · 16.1%GRADE not reported 2 · 6.5%Very low 13 · 41.9%Low 8 · 25.8%Moderate 3 · 9.7%High 0 · 0%

Non‐invasive brain stimulation and pharmacological intervention (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single)

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation… changes adverse events: death (secondary outcome) compared with a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes adverse events: death (secondary outcome) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lay health worker‐ vs enhanced usual care

Adverse events ‐ death in past 12 months (RR > 1 denotes higher risk of death) · adult patients with alcohol dependence

It is very uncertain whether lay health worker‐led interventions changes adverse events ‐ death in past 12 months (RR > 1 denotes higher risk… compared with enhanced usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antidepressants vs placebo

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (Analysis 1.14) · people with stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions (antidepressants) changes adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment Analysis 1.12 compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams vs standard SEI teams plus treatment

Adverse effects/events: death ‐ all‐cause mortality(assessed by patient records) · recent‐onset psychosis

Extended specialised early intervention (SEI) teams showed no clear difference in adverse effects/events: death ‐ all‐cause mortality(assessed by… compared with standard SEI teams plus treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use vs enhanced usual care

Adverse events ‐ death in past 12 months (RR > 1 denotes higher risk of death) · adult patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol or substance use

It is very uncertain whether lay health worker‐led interventions for adult patients with harmful… changes adverse events ‐ deaths (RR < 1 denotes lower risk) compared with enhanced usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

tDCS vs active control

Dropouts, adverse events and deaths during intervention phase Numbers of dropouts, adverse events and deaths from all causes · people with stroke

tDCS showed no clear difference in secondary outcome measure: dropouts, adverse events and deaths… compared with any type of active control intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

tDCS vs placebo or control

Dropouts, adverse events and deaths during intervention phase Numbers of dropouts, adverse events and deaths from all causes · people with stroke

tDCS showed no clear difference in secondary outcome measure: dropouts, adverse events and deaths… compared with any type of placebo or passive control intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lay health worker‐ vs specialist‐led care

Adverse events ‐ death from suicide during intervention (RR > 1 denotes greater risk)Â · people with severe mental disorders

It is very uncertain whether lay health worker‐ changes adverse events ‐ death from suicide during intervention (RR > 1… compared with specialist‐led care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY + MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING vs usual care

Adverse event: Death · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing showed no clear difference in adverse event: Death compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review