What do systematic reviews say?

Facemask with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) vs Pushing Splints

• Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  End of treatment
  Galeotti 2021: occasional skin irritation on the chin and three appliance breakages (one facemask, two Pushing Splints).
  1 study · 42 participants
  GRADE not reported

1400/250 ppm F (amine F/SnF2) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily vs 1400/250 ppm F (NaF) toothpaste + mouthrinse, daily

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond (end of orthodontic treatment)
  Additional SoF Table 2. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Ledermix root canal medicament (day 0 to 10) vs Ultracal root canal medicament (day 7 to 10)

• Interventions for treating traumatised permanent front teeth: avulsed (knocked out) and replanted 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Day 2012 used a formal methodology to identify and report adverse effects, with none identified.
  1 study · 22 participants
  GRADE not reported

Extra-oral pulp extirpation at day 0 vs Intra-oral pulp extirpation at day 7

• Interventions for treating traumatised permanent front teeth: avulsed (knocked out) and replanted 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Giannetti 2006 did not report this outcome; following email correspondence, authors reported no adverse effects were seen (uncertain whether formally assessed).
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Patient-used 250 ppm F mouthrinse (100 ppm amine F/150 ppm NaF), daily vs 0 ppm F placebo mouthrinse, daily

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond (end of orthodontic treatment)
  SoF 4. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Hyperbaric oxygen (following replantation) vs control

• Interventions for treating traumatised permanent front teeth: avulsed (knocked out) and replanted 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Chen 2000 did not report this outcome; following email correspondence, authors reported no adverse effects were seen (uncertain whether formally assessed).
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Slow-release fluoride device (fluoride glass beads) vs Fluoride mouthrinse

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond; follow-up 19 months
  Additional SoF Table 3. Adverse effects: current design of the fluoride glass bead inadequate; high attrition partly due to bead breakages ('an improved method of attachment is needed'). 37 participants (1 RCT, Luther…
  1 study · 37 participants
  Very low

Thymosin alpha 1 (10-minute soak prior to replantation) vs Normal saline

• Interventions for treating traumatised permanent front teeth: avulsed (knocked out) and replanted 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Loo 2008 did not report this outcome; following email correspondence, authors reported no adverse effects were seen (uncertain whether formally assessed).
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Resin-modified glass ionomer cement for bonding orthodontic brackets vs Composite resin for bonding brackets

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond; follow-up 17.6 months
  SoF 5. Adverse effects: no evidence that either intervention had adverse effects. 173 participants (1 RCT, Benson 2019); certainty LOW.
  1 study · 173 participants
  Low

Patient-used 5000 ppm F toothpaste, daily vs 1450 to 1500 ppm F toothpaste

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond (end of orthodontic treatment)
  SoF 3. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

12,500 ppm F (NaF/olaflur/dectaflur) amine fluoride gel vs Placebo gel

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond; mean follow-up 16.6 months
  Additional SoF Table 1. Adverse effects: with placebo gel 0.60%; with fluoride gel 0.00% (0 to 0); difference 0.60% fewer (0.60 fewer to 0.60 fewer); relative effect not estimable; 312 participants (1 RCT); certainty…
  1 study · 312 participants
  Very low

Professionally-applied 12,300 ppm F APF foam, every 2 months vs 0 ppm F placebo foam

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond (end of orthodontic treatment)
  SoF 2. Adverse effects: none of the trials reported this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Fluoride varnish vs Non-fluoride (placebo) varnish

• Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At debond; follow-up 1.7 years
  SoF 1. Adverse effects: no evidence that the intervention had adverse effects; only 1 participant with an adverse event and unclear if directly related to the intervention. 148 participants (1 RCT, Sonesson 2019);…
  1 study · 148 participants
  Low

Dual mini-screw implant vs Single mini-screw implant

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic brace treatment with implants or other surgical methods 2014 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects were not reported in any of the studies comparing two types of surgical anchorage
  0 studies
  No studies found

Hawley removable retainer vs Clear plastic removable retainer

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 months · lower arch
  Not measured
  0 studies
  No studies found

Full-time wear of removable retainer (any type) vs Part-time wear of removable retainer (any type)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 months · lower arch
  Not measured
  0 studies
  No studies found

Light vibrational forces (LVF) vs Conventional orthodontic appliance treatment

• Non‐surgical adjunctive interventions for accelerating tooth movement in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No serious adverse effects were reported across five studies that assessed harms (Katchooi 2018; Lombardo 2018; Pavlin 2015; Reiss 2020; Taha 2020).
  5 studies
  GRADE not reported

Orthodontic treatment with appliances inducing stable, permanent orthodontic tooth movement (splints worn 8 to 12 weeks and surgical interventions excluded) vs Control: no treatment, placebo, or reassurance

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At least 6 months after the intervention
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Open surgical exposure vs Closed surgical exposure

• Open versus closed surgical exposure of canine teeth that are displaced in the roof of the mouth 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Perioperative to alignment
  SoF (Complications, no GRADE rating given): 'One surgical failure was due to detachment of the gold chain (closed group). One study reported two complications following surgery, both in the closed group: a…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Post‐treatment communication (text messaging) vs No communication (no text message)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: Not measured.
  Studies not reported
  No studies found