What do systematic reviews say?

Surgery vs corticosteroid injection

It is very uncertain whether surgery changes adverse effects compared with corticosteroid injection (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.49 [0.25, 8.7]
  2 studies · 90 participants
  Very low

Surgery vs splint

It is very uncertain whether surgery changes adverse effects compared with splint (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.11 [0.37, 12.12]
  2 studies · 210 participants
  Very low

Sodium hypochlorite 1.3% with MTAD final rinse vs Sodium hypochlorite 1.3% with normal saline final rinse

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% with EDTA 17% vs Sodium hypochlorite 1.3% with MTAD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% vs Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% with hydrogen peroxide 3%

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% with hydrogen peroxide 3% vs Normal saline

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Sodium hypochlorite 5% vs Sodium hypochlorite 5% with proteolytic enzyme

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2.5% to 5.25% vs Sodium hypochlorite 1%

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Sodium hypochlorite 1% with chlorhexidine 2% final rinse vs Sodium hypochlorite 1% with normal saline final rinse

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Chlorhexidine 0.2% vs Normal saline

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2.5% to 5.25% vs Chlorhexidine, 0.2% to 2% (solution or gel)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% vs Normal saline

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes adverse effects of treatment Overall incidence of complications compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.21 [0.73, 6.66]
  2 studies · 144 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Aspiration of the elbow joint for treating radial head fractures 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 108 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Aspiration of the elbow joint for treating radial head fractures 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 80 participants
  GRADE not reported

Light vibrational forces (LVF) vs Conventional orthodontic appliance treatment

• Non‐surgical adjunctive interventions for accelerating tooth movement in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No serious adverse effects were reported across five studies that assessed harms (Katchooi 2018; Lombardo 2018; Pavlin 2015; Reiss 2020; Taha 2020).
  5 studies
  GRADE not reported

Injectional interferon alpha‐2B vs Normal saline

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Injectional nicardipine vs Normal saline

It is very uncertain whether injectional nicardipine changes treatment‐related adverse effects compared with saline (very low certainty).

• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.82 [0.12, 66.62]
  1 study · 62 participants
  Very low

Injectional collagenase vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.32 [1.98, 2.72]
  1 study · 832 participants
  Moderate

Potassium paraaminobenzoate vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether potassium paraaminobenzoate changes treatment‐related adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.27 [0.36, 4.48]
  1 study · 103 participants
  Very low