What do systematic reviews say?

Electrical stimulation plus drug therapy vs drug therapy alone

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation plus drug therapy changes adverse effects compared with drug therapy alone (very low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.45 [0.04, 4.55]
  1 study · 38 participants
  Very low

Electrical stimulation plus behavioural therapy vs behavioural therapy alone

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 51 participants
  Very low

Systemic antibiotics alone vs systematic antibiotics plus antibiotic lock solution

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating catheter‐related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance haemodialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Continuous chest compression alone vs interrupted chest compression plus artificial ventilation

• Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of non‐asphyxial… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Radiosurgery alone vs WBRT and radiosurgery

• Whole brain radiotherapy for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple brain metastases 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  High

Oestrogen therapy alone vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oestrogen therapy for treating pelvic organ prolapse in postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oestrogen therapy alone vs devices such

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oestrogen therapy for treating pelvic organ prolapse in postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oestrogen therapy alone vs surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oestrogen therapy for treating pelvic organ prolapse in postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oestrogen therapy alone vs no treatment or placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oestrogen therapy for treating pelvic organ prolapse in postmenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intermittent iron supplementation (alone or with any other micronutrients) vs no supplementation or placebo

Intermittent iron supplementation (alone or with any other… showed no clear difference in any adverse side effects compared with no supplementation or placebo (moderate certainty).

• Intermittent iron supplementation for reducing anaemia and its associated impairments in adolescent and adult… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.98 [0.31, 12.72]
  3 studies · 630 participants
  Moderate

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other… may leads to higher any adverse effects (hookworm infection risk) compared with unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) (low certainty).

• Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.78 [1.18, 2.7]
  1 study · 785 participants
  Low

Statin plus metformin vs metformin

• Statins for women with polycystic ovary syndrome not actively trying to conceive 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2011 participants
  GRADE not reported

Statin plus oral contraceptive pill vs oral contraceptive pill (OCP)

• Statins for women with polycystic ovary syndrome not actively trying to conceive 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2006 participants
  GRADE not reported

Daily conventionally fractionated radiotherapy vs supportive care

• External beam radiation dose escalation for high grade glioma 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 289 participants
  GRADE not reported

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with urotherapy vs urotherapy alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone

• Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 133 participants
  GRADE not reported

Timer watch plus standard urotherapy vs urotherapy alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

PDEI plus alpha‐blocker vs alpha‐blocker

PDEI plus alpha‐blocker probably leads to higher adverse effects compared with alpha‐blockers alone (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.81 [1.53, 5.17]
  4 studies · 194 participants
  Moderate

Acupuncture plus conventional treatments vs conventional medical treatment alone

Acupuncture plus conventional treatments led to lower adverse effects compared with conventional treatments alone; GRADE not reported.

• Acupuncture for acute hordeolum 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 participants
  GRADE not reported