What do systematic reviews say?

Colchicine (0.5 mg three times per day) vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 months
  There was a greater percentage of treatment interruptions in the colchicine group due to gastrointestinal adverse effects (Fisher's exact test P=0.009). The review noted potential evidence of harm at a dose of 1.5 mg…
  1 study · 43 participants
  GRADE not reported

Camel thorn (plant distillate) vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  up to 14 days
  No evidence of drug side effects was observed.
  1 study · 93 participants
  GRADE not reported

LongoVital (herbal component alone) vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Reported adverse events were minor and evenly distributed between the groups (Kolseth 2005). 'Very few and mostly harmless side-effects' were observed (Bratel 2005).
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Corticosteroids vs placebo

• Corticosteroids for the treatment of idiopathic acute vestibular dysfunction (vestibular neuritis) 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 73 participants
  Moderate

Any denture cleansing method (mechanical or chemical) vs Another therapy, placebo, or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults 2009 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Noticeable absence of reports about adverse effects; no included study assessed the extent of adverse effects (for example the aftertaste of sodium hypochlorite, or mechanical or chemical damage to denture materials)…
  0 studies
  No studies found

Aciclovir (oral or intravenous) for treatment vs placebo

• Interventions for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus in patients being treated for cancer 2009 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects were assessed in both studies. For intravenous aciclovir the most commonly reported adverse effect was a reaction at the injection site (8 (16%) aciclovir versus 3 (7%) placebo; all patients, n = 97);…
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Prophylactic aciclovir (oral or intravenous) vs placebo

• Interventions for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus in patients being treated for cancer 2009 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects were reported in nine trials. Diagnosis was by evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms (e.g. rash, neurological impairment) and by laboratory tests including renal and hepatic function. None of the…
  9 studies
  GRADE not reported

Systemic oral acyclovir vs placebo or no treatment

• Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis 2008 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Amir 1997b: two children in each group (2 vs 2) had mild gastrointestinal symptoms that resolved spontaneously after 24 to 48 hours without a change in study treatment. Ducoulombier 1988: no significant adverse effects…
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Benzodiazepines may leads to higher number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Benzodiazepines versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.58 [1.16, 2.15]
  14 studies · 3263 participants
  Low

Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo

Tricyclic antidepressants probably leads to higher number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.97 [1.33, 2.91]
  10 studies · 1641 participants
  Moderate

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs placebo

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors probably leads to higher number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.45 [1.16, 1.81]
  22 studies · 4131 participants
  Moderate

Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) vs placebo

Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors showed no clear difference in number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.49 [0.92, 2.4]
  4 studies · 1531 participants
  Moderate

Antidepressants vs placebo

Antidepressants probably leads to higher number of dropouts due to adverse effects compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.49 [1.25, 1.78]
  33 studies · 7688 participants
  Moderate

ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

CLOZAPINE + RISPERIDONE vs PLACEBO + CLOZAPINE

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

HALOPERIDOL vs placebo

HALOPERIDOL probably leads to higher adverse effects: Movement disorders ‐ parkinsonism compared with PLACEBO (moderate certainty).

• Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.48 [2.68, 11.22]
  5 studies · 485 participants
  Moderate

SULPIRIDE vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Sulpiride versus placebo for schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Stiripentol vs add‐on placebo

Add‐on stiripentol may leads to higher ≥ 1 adverse effects compared with add‐on placebo (low certainty).

• Stiripentol add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.65 [1.08, 6.47]
  1 study · 32 participants
  Low

Sulthiame vs placebo

• Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 100 participants
  GRADE not reported