What do systematic reviews say?

Transdermal beta‐estradiol patch vs placebo

Transdermal beta‐estradiol patch may leads to higher adverse effects Beta‐estradiol patch dose 0.10 mg/day compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Bioidentical hormones for women with vasomotor symptoms 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.14 [1.29, 3.54]
  9 studies · 1822 participants
  Low

Paracervical vs placebo

Paracervical probably leads to higher adverse effects ‐ Hypotension compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.06 [1.21, 7.78]
  2 studies · 171 participants
  Moderate

Intranasal beta‐estradiol vs placebo

Intranasal beta‐estradiol probably leads to higher adverse effects Intranasal beta‐estradiol 0.021 mg/day, 0.029 mg/day… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Bioidentical hormones for women with vasomotor symptoms 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.96 [1.26, 3.03]
  1 study · 458 participants
  Moderate

Paracervical vs placebo

Paracervical showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ Nausea and vomiting compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.24 [0.02, 2.8]
  3 studies · 429 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher participants experiencing adverse effects (moderate certainty).

• Opioid antagonists under heavy sedation or anaesthesia for opioid withdrawal 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.21 [1.13, 9.12]
  2 studies · 572 participants
  Moderate

EMLA vs placebo

EMLA may leads to higher adverse effects (short‐lasting skin reactions) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Topical anaesthesia for needle‐related pain in newborn infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.65 [1.24, 2.19]
  3 studies · 272 participants
  Low

Amethocaine vs placebo

• Topical anaesthesia for needle‐related pain in newborn infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 181 participants
  Moderate

Fluoride mouthrinse, gel or varnish combined with fluoride toothpaste (any combined regimen) vs Fluoride toothpaste alone

• Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for… 2004 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse-effect data scarcely reported: a stain score in one trial and 'any side effects' in one trial without complete or useable data (stated 'no side effects observed in both groups'). No useful information on tooth…
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia versus conventional analgesia for preventing persistent postoperative pain… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia versus conventional analgesia for preventing persistent postoperative pain… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Topical fluoride therapy (toothpaste, mouthrinse, gel or varnish; any fluoride agent/concentration; frequency at least once a year) vs placebo or no treatment

• Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents 2003 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Data on adverse effects (stain score, proportion of children with tooth staining, signs of sensitivity in oral soft tissue, adverse symptoms such as nausea/vomiting, etching of enamel) were reported in only a few…
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Fluoride varnish vs placebo or no treatment

• Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At least 1 year
  Three trials (Salazar 2008; Skold 2005; Weintraub 2006) provided data reporting no adverse effects. There was little information concerning possible adverse effects; no pooled estimate was possible.
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported